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Physical Geography (Form 3) > Natural Hazards And Preparedness > Flashcards

Natural Hazards And Preparedness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the earth?

A

The way in which the layers (rocks) of the earth are arranged in a circular / concentric pattern

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2
Q

Why should we know about the structure of the earth?

A
  1. Know of mineral composition
  2. Know what rocks form the basis of the soil thus determining suitable
    Vegetation for particular area
  3. Construction purposes ( where and how a building should be built )
  4. Knowledge of rocks help determine what earth was like Long ago
  5. Knowledge of rocks can enable us to prepare for natural disasters
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3
Q

Study layers of earth, their density,thickness mineral content temperature.

A

Study layers of earth, their density,thickness mineral content temperature.

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4
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

The earth’s crust consists of several large and small irregularly shaped plates which carry the continents (continental plates) and the ocean floor (oceanic crust)and float on the mantle.

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5
Q

What are crustal plates

A

Divisions of the earth’s crust that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and float on the mantle

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6
Q

What are plate margins

A

Areas of weakness in the crust where two plates meet

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7
Q

Types of plate margins

A
  1. Convergent (destructive)
  2. Divergent (constructive)
  3. Transform (conservative)
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8
Q

Properties of convergent/destructive plate margins.

Note diagram

A
  1. Plates move towards each other
  2. Subduction zones
  3. Collision zones
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9
Q

Results of conversion/destructive plate margins

A
  1. Volcanoes/volcanic islands e.g. From Saba to Grenada
  2. Trenches are formed e.g. Cayman trench, Puerto Rico
  3. Folds e.g. Island of Barbados
  4. Earthquakes
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10
Q

Caribbean countries close to a convergent plate margin

A 
St Lucia
St Vincent
Barbados
Grenada 
Martinique 
Dominica *
St kitts*
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11
Q

Results of divergent/ constructive plate margin (move away from each other e.g. Nazca and Cocos plates, western edge of S. America and eastern edge of Pacific Ocean)

See diagram

A

Earthquakes
Ridges eg. Mid-Atlantic, Cayman ridge
Volcanoes
Rift valleys e.g. East African Rift Valley, Nile River

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12
Q

Results of transform plates ( plates that slide passed each other without diverging or converging, tearing the earth’s crust )

See diagram

A

Earthquakes
No volcanoes
Tsunamis
Faults

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13
Q

Caribbean countries close to transform plate margins

A 
Haiti
Jamaica
Trinidad
Puerto Rico 
Cuba
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14
Q

See diagram of structure of the earth

A

See diagram of structure of the earth

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15
Q

What is an earthquake? Describe.

A

A sudden shaking of the earth’s crust due to plate movement. The plates move along a transform fault. Energy is released from the hypocenter. Energy moves directly above the hypocenter to the surface of the earth (epicenter). From the epicenter the the energy moves outward in the form of vibrations, getting weaker and weaker the further it gets.

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16
Q

Parts of an earthquake and what they are

See diagram

A

Hypocenter/ origin of focus:
Point below the earth’s surface where most movement takes place or most energy is released.

Epicenter:
Point above the surface which lies directly above the focus.

Seismic shock waves:
Vibrations set up by an earthquake or underground explosion(usually strongest closest to the epicenter)

Transform fault:
A crack or area of weakness along a transform plate margin

17
Q

Study major earthquakes in notebook

A

Study major earthquakes in notebook

18
Q

Personal level preparedness for natural hazards

A

🌽🍝store non perishable food items
🚰water
💨gas
💊💉emergency first aid it/ medical supplies
👶🏻👶🏾👶🏽baby supplies
📱cellphone
🔦📻flashlight,transistor radio,batteries,candles
📜blankets
Tarpaulins
🍃🌴🔪cut all overhanging branches from trees around the house
☔️🏠🔨fix/ reinforce home, gutters
💳💵🏤📑insure the building
🏃🏽🏢make an evacuation plan for your family
🐈🐂🙈🙉loose animals prior to disaster

19
Q

National level preparedness for natural hazards

A

🏡🏢🏠establish shelters in the country
🏥⛪️establish national organizations to deal with disasters/hazards e.g. NEMO (national emergency management organization), Red Cross, rotary clubs, churches
📑📃develop contingency plans so government and private sector bodies know in advance how to respond
🏃🏽🔥⚡️☁️have simulation exercises to practice responses needed in an emergency
👨‍👨‍👦‍👦👩‍👩‍👦‍👦📖public educating and volunteer training

20
Q

Regional level preparedness for natural hazards/disasters

A

Establish (an) organisation(s)

E.g. CDEMA - Caribbean disaster emergency management agency
(Set up by CARICOM in 1991 to co-ordinate
disaster responses in the Caribbean)
Headquarters: Barbados

21
Q

What does CDERA do?

A
  1. Channel information to government and other organizations
  2. Further education and public awareness
  3. Provide training for disaster management personel
  4. Reducing and mitigating the consequences of the disaster
  5. Develop model legislations and policy guidelines
22
Q

What is mitigation

A

The action of reducing the severity,seriousness, or painfulness of something

23
Q

What is risk management

A

The forecasting and evaluation of risks together with the identification of procedures to avoid or minimize their impact

24
Q

What is disaster preparedness

A

Actions taken to minimize the loss of life and damage (e.g. evacuating a threatened area)

25
Q

What does mitigation include?

What is done to lessen / soften the impact of the disaster

A
  1. 🚿🌴🌱💦keep your surroundings clean
  2. 🏢🈴📋 siting construction,building design and environmental engineering
  3. 🚚🚨🚶🏽☑️move people to a safe zone
  4. 🍞🍗🍶🏠📜food, water, shelter, blanket
  5. 😐😌search and rescue
  6. 🚛clearing debris along roads ect.
26
Q

Risk management includes

What can be done to minimize risk

A
  1. Training of personnel (done by NEMO and CDEMA)
  2. Adhere to proper building codes
  3. Contingency plans
  4. Mobilizing resources for relief
  5. Insurance on things such as buildings (part of forward planning)
27
Q

What are natural hazards

A

An unpredictable threat / natural event that impacts individuals or human activities. E.g. landslides, storms, volcanic eruptions

28
Q

What is risk

A

Risk is used to describe the chances of a hazard occurring in a particular area

29
Q

What is vulnerability

A

Used to identify people who are likely to be more affected by a particular event than others

30
Q

Causes as to why there has been an increase in the number of people affected by natural hazards

A
  1. Higher level of severity of hazards
  2. Lack of preparedness/safety measures
  3. Changes to the natural environment e.g. El Niño (warmer ocean temperatures), global warming, changes in climatic cycles
  4. More families live in poverty and so lack resources to respond to hazard warnings and preparedness events
  5. An increase in population resulting in people living in more hazardous areas
  6. Not adhering to hazard warnings
  7. Deforestation leading to an increase in chances of landslides and flash floods
31
Q

Physical impacts of volcanic hazards

E.g. Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1995-1997

A
  1. Ash fall, leading to breathing problems
  2. Lava flow killing vegetation
  3. Destroying buildings (build up of ruble)
  4. Lahar (mix of mud,ash and lava)
  5. Pyro clastic flows
  6. Fertile soil
  7. Land building
32
Q

Economic impacts of volcanic eruptions

A
  1. Rebuilding roads
  2. Reconstruction of buildings
  3. Areas of productive farm land destroyed
  4. UK government provided £41 million
  5. About two-thirds of population evacuated
33
Q

Physical impacts of earthquakes

E.g. Haiti 2010

A
  1. Buildings destroyed
  2. Tsunamis
  3. Floods
  4. Fires
  5. Infrastructure destroyed
  6. Cracks and splits
  7. Liquefaction
  8. Landslides
34
Q

Economic impacts of earthquakes

A
  1. Reconstruction of infrastructure
  2. Relocating people
  3. Estimated 230,000 people were killed
  4. Approximately 250,000 homes were destroyed
  5. 90% of the capital was destroyed
  6. Increase in diseases (4000 people died of cholera)
35
Q

Physical impacts of hurricanes and floods

E.g. Hurricane Ivan

A
  1. Flooding
  2. Destruction of power lines
  3. Landslides
  4. Destruction of building roofs
  5. Destruction of dams leading to no water
  6. Damage to coastal property

Physical Geography (Form 3) (3 decks)

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