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Geography paper 1 -AQA > Natural hazards > Flashcards

Natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard ?

A

a natural hard is a natural hazard is a natural event that has a huge SOCIAL IMPACT
eg if a land slide happened in a remote area it would not counted as a natural HAZARD

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2
Q

what factors effect risk?

A
  • URBANISATION
    some of the largest cities are at risk of earthquakes (Tokyo), and tropical storms (Hati)
  • POVERTY
    deprived areas push people to live in areas of risk
    eg. Venezuela shortage of housing causes people to buil on unstable slopes prone to floods and lands slides
  • FARMING
    eg. flood plains , they deposit fertile silt so people move closer to that land and put themselves at risk.
  • CLIMATE CHANGE
    warmer atmosphere will have more energy and more intense storms and hurricane
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3
Q

how are earthquakes distributed?

A

occurs mainly on margins of tectonic hazards where plates are moving and building up pressure . Sometimes caused by human activity eg. underground mining

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4
Q

how are volcanoes distributed?

A

like earthquakes majority are placed on a belt that follows the plate margins
constructive and destructive plate margins

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5
Q

what happens at a destructive plate margin?

A
  • two plates are moving towards each other
  • deep ocean trench forms SUBDUCTION when there is an oceanic crust
  • if it is two continental plates there is NO subduction and the two plates collide to form a fold mountain
  • friction between toe plates cause strong earthquakes
  • no volcanoes as there is no magma
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6
Q

what happens at a conservative plate margin?

A
  • two plates are moving past each other
  • friction between the plates cause earthquakes as stresses gradually build up over many years and suddenly released
  • no volcanoes as there is no magma
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7
Q

what happens at a constructive plate margin?

A
  • two plates are moving apart
  • causes earthquakes
  • magma forces its way through to the surface and forms volcanoes (shield volcanoes)
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8
Q

what are the effects of an earthquake?

A

PRIMARY:
ground shaking, damage to buildings, roads as well as injury
SECONDARY:
tsunami and landslides

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9
Q

how can you measure an earthquake?

A
  • seismometer which produces a seismograph

- the richter scale

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10
Q

how much did the Nepal earthquake read on the richter scale ?

A

7.9

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11
Q

what was the primary effect of the Nepal earthquake?

A
  • 9000 killed and 20 000 injured
  • 3 million homeless
  • estimated cost $5 billion
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12
Q

what were the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

A
  • landslides and avalanches cut off roads and effected relief efforts
  • avalanches on mount Everest killed 19 people 250 missing
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13
Q

what were the immediate response to the Nepal earthquake?

A
  • UK, India and China sent supplies eg water, medical support and rescue teams
  • half a million tents
  • helicopters help access villages cut off by landslides
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14
Q

what were the long-term responses to the Nepal earthquake ?

A
  • 7000 schools rebuilt
  • repairs to Everest’s base camp
  • roads repaired and landslides cleared
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15
Q

how much did the Chile earthquake measure on the richter scale?

A

8.8

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16
Q

what were the primary effect of the Chile earthquake?

A
  • 500 killed 12 000 injured
  • 220 000 homes destroyed 53 ports and 56 hospitals destroyed
  • estimated cost $30 billion
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17
Q

what were the secondary effects of the Chile earthquake?

A
  • tsunamis devastated coastal towns as well as many pacific countries
  • 1500 km of road damaged
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18
Q

what were the immediate responses to the Chile earthquake?

A
  • power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days
  • national appeal raised $60 million
  • temporary repairs to highway within 24 hours
19
Q

what were the long-term responses to the Chile earthquake?

A
  • a month after the earthquake Chile’s government launched the reconstruction of 200 000 homes
  • chile has a strong economy and did not need much foreign aid
20
Q

why do people still live in areas at risk of tectonic hazard?

A
  • some are not aware of the risk
  • more effective monitoring allow people to receive sufficient warnings before earthquakes and tsunamis hit
  • people living in poverty prioritise they’re basic needs
  • a lot of plate margins bring benefits eg. fertile land or water
21
Q

what is monitoring?

A

using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as a volcanic eruption

22
Q

what is prediction?

A

using historical evidence (and monitoring) to predict tectonic hazards

23
Q

what is protection ?

A

designing buildings that can withstand tectonic hazards

24
Q

what is planning?

A

identifying and avoiding places most at risk

25
Q

what is global atmospheric circulation?

A
  • at the equator the sun is most focused so temperature is high
  • water evaporates and air rises and cools
  • the water condenses and forms clouds
  • moves to the tropics
26
Q

where do tropical storms form?

A
  • over warm water 27 degrees
  • summer and autumn when the sea is the warmest
  • 5-15 degrees of the equator
27
Q

how do tropical storms form?

A
  • upwards movement of air draws water vapour up
  • evaporated water cools and condenses
  • air condensing releases heat and causes more water to draw up
  • several small thunderstorms join together to form giant spinning storm
  • storm develops an eye and at the centre air descends quickly
  • the eyewall has the most intense weather conditions
  • the storm is carried across the strength and gathers strength
  • when it reaches land its energy source is cut off , friction with lang slows it down and weakens it .
28
Q

what were the primary effect of typhoon Haiyan ?

A
  • 6300 people killed
  • 40 000 homes destroyed
  • 90% of Tacloban destroyed
  • 30 000 fishing boats destroyed
  • widespread flooding
29
Q

what were the secondary effects of typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 14 million effected
  • flooding caused landslides
  • shortage of food, water and shelter lead to outbreak of disease
  • looting and violence broke out
  • many jobs were lost
30
Q

what were the immediate responses to typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 1200 evacuated
  • international aid, sent supplies and set up field hospitals
  • Philippines red cross delivered basic food
31
Q

what were the long-term responses to typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • rebuilding infrastructure
  • rice farming and fishing was quickly re-established
  • 1000’s of homes were re-built away from areas at risk of flooding
32
Q

how is tropical storms effected by global warming?

A

over last few decades the sea surface temperature has increased
in the future the hazard zone could increase

33
Q

how can protection help against a tropical storm?

A
  • reinforced windows and roof
  • sea walls
  • houses built on stilts so water can pass beneath them
  • storm drains to drain excess water and prevent
    flooding
34
Q

what are two other ways to reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A
  • MONITORING/PREDICTION
    help evacuate people at risk before the event
  • PLANNING
    warning people
35
Q

what caused the Somerset flood?

A
  • wettest January since records began in 1910
  • high tides and storm surges swept up water from the river
  • rivers hadn’t dredged for at least 20 years
36
Q

what were the social impacts of the Somerset floods?

A
  • 600 houses flooded
  • cut off villages
  • power outages
37
Q

what were the economic impacts of the Somerset floods?

A
  • estimated damage £10 million

- 14000 ha of agricultural ;and under water

38
Q

what were the environmental impacts of Somerset floods ?

A
  • floodwaters were heavily contaminated with sewage and other pollutants ( oil + chemicals)
  • debris
  • stagnant water had to re-oxygenated before being pumped back into the river
39
Q

what evidence is there that weather is becoming more extreme ?

A

although there has always been extreme cases of weather it has been slowly getting worse and more frequent eg. floods and heavy snow
- scientist believe this is occurring due to the increasing amount of energy in our atmosphere

40
Q

what is a natural cause of climate change?

A
  • volcanic activity

- change in earths orbit

41
Q

what are some human causes for climate change ?

A
  • burning fossil fuels

- deforestation

42
Q

what is carbon carbon capture ?

A

uses technology to capture carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels and industrial processes which would have entered the atmosphere

43
Q

what is a simple environmental way in which can manage climate change ?

A

PLANTING TREES

  • remove carbon dioxide
  • release moisture which has a cooling effect
44
Q

how can we adapt to climate change ?

A
  • irrigation systems
  • managing water supply
  • sea walls

Geography paper 1 -AQA (4 decks)

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