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GCSE geography one > Natural hazards > Flashcards

Natural hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Natural hazard definition?

A

Unexpected/uncontrollable natural event that has potential to affect lives of people

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2
Q

Hazard risk definition?

A

Probability of being affected by a natural event

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3
Q

What % people live in cities?

A

greater than 50%

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4
Q

4 factors increasing hazard risk?

A

Urbanisation, Level of development, Climate change, Building/farming on floodplains

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5
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

Convection currents + gravitational sliding

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6
Q

Oceanic crust?

A

Thin + dense

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7
Q

Continental crust?

A

thick + less dense

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8
Q

Constructive plate boundary?

A

Move apart- V+E

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9
Q

Destructive plate boundary?

A

Move toward-Oceanic (dense) subducts (forced down into mantle)-V+E

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10
Q

Conservative plate boundary?

A

Slide past along fault-E

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11
Q

Constructive example

A

Eurasian + North American

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12
Q

Destructive example

A

Nazca and south American

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13
Q

Conservative example

A

North American + Pacific (San Andreas Fault Line)

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14
Q

Haiti urbanisation stat

A

2010 Haiti earthquake killed 230000

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15
Q

Levels of development increasing risk from natural hazards examples

A

Lima, Peru + Caracas, Venezuela

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16
Q

Floodplain farming + building example

A

Ganges river, Bangladesh (low lying)

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17
Q

Earthquake primary effect

A

building collapse, ground split, ground shake

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18
Q

Earthquake secondary effect

A

Tsunami, fire, gas leak

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19
Q

Volcano primary effect

A

Lava flow, pyroclastic flow, ASH fall, fire

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20
Q

Volcano secondary effects

A

crop fail, livestock loss, water supply contamination

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21
Q

Earthquake immediate responses

A

Search + rescue

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22
Q

Volcano immediate responses

A

Evacuation, set up exclusion zone, medical care

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23
Q

Earthquake long term responses

A

rebuild schools, houses, hospitals, etc

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24
Q

Volcano long term responses

A

Rebuild infrastructure, resettle people, install monitoring equipment

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25
ECONOMIC why do people live at risk of tectonic hazards?
Too poor to move, resources, jobs
26
SOCIAL why do people live at risk of tectonic hazards
Family and friends ties
27
Earthquake monitoring
Seismometers and lasers monitor earths movement
28
volcano monitoring
Small earthquakes, escaping gas, change of volcano shape
29
Taiwan (HIC) Background stat
7.4 mag EQ 18KM SW of Hualien city, 2nd april 2024
30
Taiwan primary effects
30 building collapse, 100 trapped in collapsed tunned, 17 dead ,1100 injured
31
Taiwan secondary effects
200 homeless, landslide destroy railway line
32
Taiwan immediate responses
search + rescue, tsunami warning, temporary shelters
33
Taiwan long term responses
REINFORCE buildings, disaster plan/educate, economic/financial support for people
34
Nepal (LIC) background stats
mag 7.8 EQ, 15KM depth, 80KM N Kathmandu- 300 aftershocks with some at 7.0 mag
35
nepal Primary effects
9k dead, 20k injured, 8mil affected (1/3 Nepal pop)
36
nepal secondary effects
lack food/water, triggered avalanches (primary) which buried people (secondary)
37
nepal immediate responses
search + rescue (locals doing it and aid from other countries-slow), medical supplies imported
38
nepal long term responses
8mths to clear rubble, new disaster risk plan, educate + train
39
EQ prediction
forecast with tectonic plate movement (unreliable)
40
VC prediction
monitor, can be predicted
41
EQ protection
REINFORCED concrete (absorb energy), add steel frames in existing infrastructure, automatic shut off valves (gas+electricity)
42
VC protection
strengthen buildings- less likely to collapse under ASH. trenches and barriers to divert lava flow (little success)
43
EQ + VC planning
Future development avoid high risk areas. emergency services prepare/practice, educate people, gov plan evacuation routes, emergency supplies: food, blankets, clean water
44
percentage of deaths caused by storm surge in tropical storms
90%
45
where do TS form
5'-30' north and south of equator (this is where significant spin caused by earth rotation)
46
minimum sea temp for TS to form
27'C
47
minimum sea depth for TS to form
70M
48
steps of TS formation
1)strong cluster of thunderstorms over warm sea 2)very warm air from storm + ocean surface combine + rise= low pressure at surface 3)as storm move over ocean, picks up more moist air; wind speed increase as more air sucked into low pressure centre 4)warm air rises faster and faster then cools, sinks thru central eye 5)trade wind blowing in opposite direction cause storm to start spinning
49
hurricane definition
eye of calm wind + low pressure surrounded by spinning vortex high wind + heavy rainstorm
50
typhoon Haiyan- where/when
Philippines, 8.11.2013
51
typhoon haiyan top wind speed
195mph
52
world's most severe storm ever to hit land?
typhoon Haiyan
53
typhoon Haiyan path
Pacific->NW->philippines (cat 5)->N-> vietnam (cat 3)->N->china where it ended
54
typhoon haiyan deaths
6300 dead (social and primary impact)
55
how many fishing boats destroyed: typhoon haiyan
30,000 (economic and social impact)
56
typhoon haiyan mangrove impact
mangroves contaminated from leaked oil from damaged tanker (environmental and secondary impact)
57
typhoon haiyan rice price impact
12% rice price increase; demand low supply high (social and secondary impact)
58
typhoon haiyan how many evac centres set up
1300 evac centres set up, some evac centres flooded due to storm surge (immediate response)
59
government response typhoon haiyan
government issued televised warning to prep + evac (immediate response)
60
typhoon haiyan mangrove response
mangroves replanted to absorb future storm surges (long term response)
61
typhoon haiyan oxfam response
oxfam (charity org) replaced fishing boats (long term response|)
62
methods of predicting tropical storms
-data buoys -satellites
63
methods of protecting from tropical storms
-cyclone shelters -seawalls/levees -replant mangroves
64
methods of planning for tropical storms
-emergency services -educate
65
Extreme weather case study for uk
Somerset Levels (Dec 2013-Feb 2014
66
cause of somerset levels flood
-prolonged heavy rains for long period of time -350mm of rain fell Jan-Feb; 100mm more than avrg -high tide + storm surge -river had not been dredged for at least 20 years
67
why did somerset levels flood
-numerous major rivers in vicinity -low lying + flat -surrounded by hills
68
social impacts of somerset levels flood
-over 600 houses flooded -disrupted education -loss of electricity
69
economic impacts of somerset levels flood
-£16 million in damages -over 1400 ha of agricultural land under water for 3-4 weeks
70
environmental impacts of somerset levels floods
-barn owls and snakes could not hunt -drowned animals -polluted floodwaters
71
somerset levels flood immediate responses
-over 1000 livestock evacuated -16 farms evacuated -pumping station installed
72
somerset levels floods long term responses
-8km of river dredged (cost £6 million) in march 2014 -road levels raised -old diesel pumps replaced with more effective electric ones -environment agency plans to construct tidal barrier at Bridgewater by 2024 (cost £65-£80 million which will protect 11.5k homes and 1.5k businesses
73
evidence for climate change
-ice cores -tree rings -pollen -temp records -shrinking glaciers/ice melt -rising sea levels
74
natural causes for climate change
-earth's orbit is elliptical + is on tilted axis and these can vary -solar energy output varies -volcanic ash can block some of sun's energy reaching earth + sulphur dioxide (released from volcano) aerosols act reflect sun's energy
75

GCSE geography one (3 decks)

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