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Geography > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard

A

The threat of substantial impact upon life or damage to property that can be caused by an event, they occur in physical environment

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2
Q

What is a natural disaster

A

Occurs as a result of a hazard. Causing widespread disruption

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3
Q

What is risk

A

The exposure of people to a hazardous event

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4
Q

What is vulnerability

A

The geographical conditions that increase the susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impact of a hazard event

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5
Q

Why do people put themselves at risk from natural hazards

A

No choice
Rich soils
May think low risk
Have the money to protect themselves
Uneducated

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6
Q

What affects vulnerability of a place to a hazard

A

How close place is to risk zone, experience and built env

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7
Q

What is adaptation

A

Communities + people living with hazard events. They adjust living conditions

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8
Q

What is mitigation

A

Actions aimed at reducing the severity of an event and lessening impacts

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9
Q

What is management

A

Dealing with or controlling things or people

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10
Q

Risk sharing (community preparedness)?

A

Prearranged measures that aim to reduce loss of life and damage via education and awareness programmes

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11
Q

What is prediction

A

Using tech to predict when an event is going to happen to send out warnings

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12
Q

What is fatalism

A

A view that people cannot influence or shape the outcome. Put in place very little prevention. Often religious

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13
Q

What determines the severity of a hazard

A

Duration, magnitude, predictability, regularity, frequency, special concentration, areal extent, number of hazards

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14
Q

What is the disaster/risk management cycle?

A

Pre disaster, response, post-disaster
Preparedness, response (short term) recovery (long term response) mitigation (rebuilding) review

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15
Q

What does the disaster/ risk management cycle illustrate

A

Ongoing process which govs, societies and businesses plan for and reduce the impacts of disasters, react during, and take steps to recover after. Appropriate actions at each point reduces vulnerability during the next cycle

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16
Q

What is the park model

A

Aims to show the effects of a hazard on quality of life over a sequence of time. By analysing and impending hazard in advance, they can see a normal progression through a disaster.

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17
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the disaster cycle

A

Clearly addresses each stage of a hazard making it easier to manage
It’s a cycle, can be reviewed it identifies the need for constant management for people to be safe
Negatives is that it’s basic and all hazards r different

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18
Q

What are the stages of the park model

A

Normality, hazard event, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction

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19
Q

What are positives and negatives of the park model

A

Makes links between hazards and how it affects the quality of life
Gives a time frame on reacting and dealing with a hazard
Basic, no account of varying capacity to respond

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20
Q

What’s the plate tectonic theory?

A

Continents fit togetehr like a jigsaw, backed up by fossils, rocks and mountain ranges fitting togetehr
Sea floor studies- striped pattern on either side of mid oceanic ridge from paleo magnetic phases. Crust split and ocean floor moved apart with rock created in the gap

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21
Q

What’s the crust

A

0-70km thick . Continental is old and less dense
Oceanic is younger but more dense

22
Q

What’s the mantle

A

2900km thick
Most ofantle (asthenosphere) is semi molten

23
Q

What’s the inner and outer core

A

Over 5000°c
Outer is liquid but inner is solid and made of iron and nickel

24
Q

How do convection currents work?

A

Magma and hot rock heats and rises due to primordial and radiogenic heat from the core. Rises and cools and sinks. Upward limb causes constructive plate boundaries thr downwards causes destructive

25
Q

What is ridge push

A

Molten magma rises and heats the lithosphere it expands and causes a slope. The rock formed by magma cools then gravity pulls the rock down the asthenosphere . The rock drives the plates to move

26
Q

What is slab pull

A

Subduction boundary the denser plate subducts. As the edge of the plate cools it continues to sink pulling the rest of the plate along with it. This force is slab pull

27
Q

How does a destructive plate margin form

A

Denser oceanic plate forced down underneath the other, marked on surface by a trench. Friction causes tsunamis and earthquakes. The water from the crust goes into the mantle and as the plate heats up the water is liberated, the melting point in the mantle decreases and the plate partials melts in the Benioff zone. It produces magmas which rises and explodes as a volcano

28
Q

When did mt nyiragongo erupt?

A

2002

29
Q

What caused the my nyiragongo eruption?

A

Months of increased earthquakes, 13km fissure opened. Basaltic lava exited from 3 main vents

30
Q

How many people died as a result of mt nyiragongo

A

147

31
Q

How much of Goma was destroyed in drc

A

One third and covered runway

32
Q

How many people were left homeless in drc

A

120,000

33
Q

How many people were dependent on aid in drc

A

350,000

34
Q

What was a secondary effect of eruption in drc

A

Sulpuherous lava entered lake kivu and contaminated water supplies- cholera

35
Q

What were the immediate responses

A

Red alert
2 days later humanitarian aid
$15 mill costs

36
Q

When was the Iceland eruption

A

2010

37
Q

What plate margins were involved in the Iceland eruption?

A

Constructive. North American and Eurasian

38
Q

When was the Japan earthquake and what plate margin was involved

A

Destructive, Eurasian and pacific, 1995

39
Q

What magnitude was was the Kobe earthquake

A

7.2

40
Q

How many people died in the Kobe earthquake

A

6434

41
Q

How many people were injured in the Kobe earthquake

A

35000

42
Q

How high did the ash plume go into the air?

A

11,000m

43
Q

How many farms were destroyed in the Iceland eruption

A

20

44
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Iceland eruption

A

£102 million lost tourism
95,000 flights cancelled worldwide
£2 bill lost in airlines

45
Q

What were the immediate responses to the Iceland eruption?

A

30 min warning texts
700 evacuated due to ice cap melting
Seismic monitoring, and gps where they measured that the crust had moved 3cm

46
Q

What were the long term responses to the Iceland eruption

A

Dredging to remove ash from rivers

47
Q

Who paid for the long term responses of the Iceland eruption

A

Icelandic gov

48
Q

How many buildings were destroyed in the Kobe earthquake

A

102,000 and they were made of wood

49
Q

What fell that injured or killed people in the Kobe earthquake

A

Heavy roofs for typhoon season

50
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Kobe earthquake

A

1 million left without water which led to fires spreading
300,000 homeless
Liquefaction
$220 million costs

51
Q

What were the Imedia the responses to the Kobe earthquake

A

Retrofitted earthquake proof buildings from 1980
Phone connections were maintained free of charge by Motorola
Japanese gov criticised as didn’t want help from other nations

52
Q

What were the long term responses to the Japanese earthquake

A

$120 mill reconstruction costs
Smart meters to cut off electricity and gas
6 months for recovery

Geography (8 decks)

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