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Geography GCSE > Natural hazards > Flashcards

Natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people of has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

What are the 4 different categories of hazard?

A

Atmospheric, geological, water based, biological

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3
Q

Give some physical factors affecting hazards

A

Magnitude, geology, level of development of the place,

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4
Q

Give some human factors affecting hazard risk

A

Population density, governments, technology

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5
Q

What four parts is the earth made up of?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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6
Q

Inside the earth, heat is released from the core which creates convection currents in where?

A

The mantle

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7
Q

Which crust is more dense: oceanic or continental ?

A

Oceanic

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8
Q

Describe the pattern of earthquakes

A

Generally, earthquakes are found on the plate boundaries. For example, the Nazca and South American plate boundary is a destructive plate boundary.

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9
Q

Describe the pattern of volcanoes

A

Volcanoes are usually found on constructive and destructive plate boundaries. For example, Iceland is ok the constructive plate boundary and there are usually a lot of volcanoes there.

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10
Q

Why do earthquakes and volcanoes mainly occur along plate margins?

A

Because they are caused by the friction between the two plates or the hot molten rock(magma) rising to the surface of the earth

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11
Q

What is an epicentre?

A

It’s directly above the focus. It’s where the seismic waves are the strongest. The epicentre has the most potential for damage

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12
Q

What is a focus?

A

The point at which the earthquake is occuring

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13
Q

Why might there not be any damage at the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

There might be nothing there, for example, there might only be vegetation in the area

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14
Q

Describe what happens at a destructive plate margin

A

-Oceanic and continental plate are moving towards each other
-Oceanic plate is subducted

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15
Q

Describe what happens at a constructive plate margin

A

Two plates move apart

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16
Q

Describe what happens at a conservative plate margin

A

Two plates slide past each other

17
Q

What were the primary and secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake(case study)

A

PRIMARY-9000 people died, 20,000 injured, 3million left homeless

SECONDARY-ground shaking triggered landslides and avalanches, avalanches on Mt. Everest killed at least 19 people

18
Q

What were the primary and secondary responses of the Nepal Earthquake(case study)

A

PRIMARY- The Red Cross set up temporary shelters for 225000 people, the UK raised US$125 million to provide emergency aid

SECONDARY-thousands of homes were repaired, stricter building controls in the future

19
Q

What were the primary and secondary effects from the earthquake in l’Aquila.

A

PRIMARY- 300 people died, 1,500 injured, 67000 made homeless

SECONDARY-house prices and rent increased due to lack of housing, business and tourism had suffered as there are still unsafe buildings in the city centre

20
Q

what were the primary and secondary responses from the earthquake in l’Aquila?

A

PRIMARY-hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people and 40,000 tents were given out, the EU gave US$552 million to help rebuild l’Aquila

SECONDARY-residents didn’t have to pay tax for 1 year, free public transport for students

21
Q

What ECONOMIC reasons would people continue to live in areas at risk from tectonic hazard?

A
  • poor people can not afford to live anywhere away from volcanoes as the e provide jobs
    -better job opportunities
22
Q

What SOCIAL reasons would people continue to live in areas at risk from tectonic hazard?

A

-the hazards are predictable
-some people are well prepared for hazards so people feel safe

23
Q

What ENVIRONMENTAL reasons would people continue to live in areas at risk from tectonic hazard?

A

-fertile soil
-Iceland volcanoes provide cheap geothermal power

24
Q

What conditions come with high pressure?

A

Sunny, warm, clear skies

25
Q

What conditions come with low pressure?

A

Wet, rainy, cloudy

26
Q

Describe the global distribution of tropical storms

A

-They occur between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
-There aren’t any tropical storms on the equator
-We don’t tend to get tropical storms in the south Atlantic Ocean

27
Q

What conditions are needed from a tropical storm to form?

A

Ocean-27 degrees Celsius
During summer and autumn time
Between 8-20 degrees north and south of the equator

28
Q

Over how many years does an axial tilt happen?

A

41,000

29
Q

Over how many years does eccentricity happen?

A

100,000

30
Q

Over how many years does precession occur?

A

26000

31
Q

Give some mitigation strategies

A

-alternative energy sources
-carbon capture
-planting trees
-international agreements

32
Q

Give some adaptation strategies

A

-adapting farming methods
-managing water supplies
-reducing risk from rising sea levels

33
Q

What are interglacials and how long do they last for?

A

Warm periods- approximately 10000 years

34
Q

What are glacials and how long do they last for?

A

Cold periods- approximately 100,000 years

35
Q

When did the last cold period end

A

About 12,000 years ago

36
Q

What are the 4 evidences for climate change

A

Ice cores
Rising sea levels
Tree rings
Shrinking glaciers

Geography GCSE (2 decks)

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