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Wset 3 - 2020 > Natural Factors in the Vineyard that Influence Wine > Flashcards

Natural Factors in the Vineyard that Influence Wine Flashcards

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1
Q

How many main vine species are there in modern viticulture? Name them.

A

There are mainly two species used by vine growers :

  1. Vitis vinifera (Main Eurasian species
  2. North American Vine
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2
Q

What are the criteria defining the variety from consumer’s point of view?

A
  1. Color
  2. Flavor
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3
Q

What are the criteria is important in choosing the variety for a vine grower?

A
  1. Budding time
  2. Ripening conditions
  3. Resistance to certain diseases
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4
Q

Which methods are used to propogate a vine?

A
  1. Cutting
  2. Layering
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5
Q

What is a clone?

A

Clone is a mutant vine having small differences from a vine with same genetic material.

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6
Q

Name two clones of Pinot Noir, accepted as new varieties.

A

Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc

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7
Q

What do the researchers looking for in developing new varieties?

A
  1. Adaptation to certain climate
  2. Adaptation to certain soil conditions
  3. Improved resistance to diseases
  4. Higher quality grapes
  5. Higher quantitiy grapes
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8
Q

What is the method in creating new variety? How does it happen?

A

Cross-fertilisation. Pollen from a male part of a flower of a vine is transfered to female part of the flower of a different vine and fertilisation occurs. The plant grown from the seeds of this fertilised grape will be a new vine with genetic material different than that of its parents.

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9
Q

What is a crossing?

A

If a new vine is created from parent of same species, it is called crossing. Eg. a vine created from two Vitis vinifera parents.

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10
Q

Name the parents of crossing Cabernet Sauvignon.

A

Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc

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11
Q

Name the parents of crossing Müller Thurgau

A

Riesling and Madeleine Royale

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12
Q

Name the parents of crossing Pinotage

A

Pinot Noir and Cinsault

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13
Q

What is a hybrid? Name an example.

A

If a new vine is created from parent of different species, it is called hybrid. Vidal from Canada is an example.

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14
Q

What are the four main parts of a vine?

A
  1. Roots
  2. Permanent wood
  3. One-year-old wood
  4. Green parts
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15
Q

What is the green part of a vine?

A

The green part of a vine is particularly a shoot. On the shoot there are leaves, buds, tendrils and flowers or grapes.

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16
Q

What is the one-year-old wood of a vine?

A

One-year-old wood is last year’s shoot. The buds on it will be the this year’s shoots. The long one with 8 to 20 buds is called a cane. The one with 2 or 3 buds is called a spur.

17
Q

What is the permanent wood?

A

Permanent wood is the wood with an age of more than one year. Its shape and whether or not having arms depends on the grower. Arms of the vine are called cordon.

18
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A
  1. Absorbing water and nutrients from the soil
  2. Anchoring the vine
  3. Storing the carbohydrates to be used throughout the winter
19
Q

What is grafting?

A

Grafting is a technique used to join a Vitis vinifera variety onto a rootstock.

20
Q

What are the grafting methods used in vines?

A

Bench grafting, used to form new plantings.

Head grafting, used to change the variety of the existing vineyard.

21
Q

What are the benefits of using rootstocks?

A
  1. Resistance to phylloxera.
  2. Resistance to drought conditions.
  3. Resistance to nematodes.
22
Q

What does a vine needs?

A
  1. Heat (Warmth)
  2. Sunlight
  3. Water
  4. Nutrients
  5. Carbondioxide
23
Q

What is the minimum temperature for a vine to grow?

A

10oC

24
Q

What are the factors affecting the heat?

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Altitude
  3. Ocean currents
  4. Fog
  5. Soil
  6. Aspect
  7. Continentality and Diurnal Range
25
Q

Name the ocean current off Chile. How does it affects?

A

The Humboldt Current off Chile has a cooling effect.

26
Q

Name the ocean current off South Africa. How does it affects?

A

The Benguela Current off South Africa has a cooling effect.

27
Q

How does soil affect the heat?

A

Soils with darker color or content with higher amount of stones and rocks stores energy and dissipates at night. This affects ripening especially in cool climates.

Soils with higher water content warms up lately. This can delay budburst.

28
Q

What are the hazards related to too high or too low temperature?

A
  1. At temperatures below -20oC vine is seriosly damaged or even killed. Especially the graft must be protected.
  2. Warm winters cause the vine not to be dormant and give two crops. This shortens the life time of the vine and decreases the quality of the grapes.
  3. Mild winters cause excessive population of insects and pests.
  4. Spring frosts can kill the buds or shoots.
  5. Cold temperatures cause delay in the bud burst.
  6. Flowering and fruit set also badly affected from cold temperatures.
  7. Too hot temperatures cause the vine slow down or stop even there is sufficient water.
29
Q

What are some of protection methods from spring frost?

A
  1. Heaters
  2. Wind machines
  3. Sprinklers
  4. Thoughtful vineyard design
30
Q

What are some methods of irrigation?

A
  1. Drip
  2. Sprinkler
  3. Flood
31
Q

What happens to the in drought condition?

A

In drought conditions vine stops transpiration. Prolonged water shortage cause the vine suffer water stress. Photosynthesis stops, leaves wilt, grape fail to ripen. If drought continues further, vine weakens and die.

32
Q

What are the hazards caused by too much water?

A

If there is too much water, vine produce a lot of green part, causing less ripening of grapes. Also, too much green part cause too much shade, again lessens ripening.

In extreme watered cases, roots become staurated and die.

Extra rain can cause poor flowering and diseases such as rot and mildew. Too much rain close to harvest causes the flavors dilute.

33
Q

How the climate types are defined based on the average temperatures throughout the growing season?

A
  • Cool climate : Average growing season temperature of below 16.5oC.
  • Moderate climate : Average growing season temperature of between 16.5-18.5oC.
  • Warm climate : Average growing season temperature of between 18.5-21.0oC.
  • Hot climate : Average growing season temperature of higher than 21.0oC.
34
Q

How the climates are defined according to the temperature variation throughout the year?

A

Continental climate : Highest difference between summer and winter temperatures. Short and dry summers with a significant temperature drop at autumn.

Maritime climate : Low difference between summer and winter temperatures. Rainy throughout the year.

Mediteranean climate : Hot and dry summers, mild and rainy winters.

35
Q

What are the three important nutrients come from the soil?

A
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Potassium
36
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

Chlorosis is a common symptom caused by lack of nutrients. The leaves are turned to yellow and the vine’s ability to photosynthesise is limited. Grape quality and quantity is reduced. Fertilisers can be a solution.

37
Q

Define the steps the yearly life cycle of a vine.

A
  1. Dormacy in winter
  2. Budburst in beginning of spring.
  3. Early shoot and leaf growth.
  4. Flowering and fruit set.
  5. Veraison.
  6. Berry ripening.
  7. Harvest.

Wset 3 - 2020 (4 decks)

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