Natural Disasters Exam 2 Flashcards
We can grouped Catastrophic, Merapian, Pelean and Plinian volcanic eruptions together because they have _______ in common.
High-silica rhyolite and andesite eruption and pyroclastic flows
Volcanic geysers in Yellowstone National Park and geysers observed on the surface of Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, consists of ________.
Boiling water or fumaroles
The spider-shaped dark debris on the Martian surface appear to have been erupted by phreatic eruption, which consist of __________.
Boiling water and entrained debris
________ caused by sublimating subsurface carbon dioxide near the south pole of Mars.
Araneiform terrain
Hawaiian-style volcanic eruptions consist of _________.
low-silica basalt lava erupting from a central crater.
Icelandic-style volcanic eruptions consist of _______.
low-silica basalt lava erupting from a fissure
Can Hawaiian-style eruptions occur in Iceland?
YES
Can Icelandic-style eruptions happen in Hawaii?
YES
A continually-erupting eruption cloud is a ________ eruption.
Vesuvian
Volcanic eruptions that emplace ignimbrites and welded tuff when the rock above a magma chamber collapses into the magma chamber are called _________ eruptions.
Catastrophic
Collapse of a lava dome
slower moving
somewhat hot
Merapian
hottest eruptions are driven by outgassing magma
fastest eruptions are “cooler” and driven by superheated steam
Pelean
a collapsing eruption cloud full of hot, pyroclastic material
Plinian
The largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of _____.
7
What are believed to have had a VEI 8?
caldera-forming supervolcanic eruptions (eruptions of Yellowstone)
0 being a very gentle eruption to 8 a caldera-forming supervolcanic eruption
VEI scale
On the 0 to 8 VEI scale, most volcanic eruptions over the past 10,000 years have rated a ____.
VEI 2
Which is the coarser-grained (larger-grained type of ignimbrite according to your instructor - volcanic breccia or welded tuff?
volcanic breccia
Which natural disaster has killed more people over a 500-year period of time - earthquakes or volcanoes?
Earthquake
Over a 500-year period of time, __________ volcanic eruptions or eruptions accounts or account for about half the human deaths caused by all volcanic eruptions during that period of time.
four
Which of the following types of lava would be the least viscous with the least explosive potential if all types of lava were commonly erupting on Earth today?
Komalite
Lower silica is lower volatile and less viscous with less of a chance for explosive eruption than mafic basalt is today.
Komatiite
Ignimbrite form from _______ eruptions.
Rhyolite and andesite
_______ are the primary volcanic hazard that has killed the most people over a 500 year period of time.
pyroclastic flows
In 2018, a landslide on the flanks (sides) of Anak, Krataau (a growing stratovolcano in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra) generated this volcanic hazard that took several hundred lives:
A tsunami or displacement waves
This notable eruption contributed to the decline of a classical civilization that was a contemporary of the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Egyptians
Thera (1628 BC)
Low-density pyroclastic flow during this notable eruption was observed to move out over the surface of an ocean bay.
Mount Vesuvius (79 AD)
So much dust was injected into the upper atmosphere by this notable eruption that it may have resulted in a thousand years of global cooling and so much damage to the living conditions worldwide that it nearly made human beings go extinct
Toba (74,000 years ago).
Rhyolitic pumice from this notable eruption was observed floating on the surface of the ocean for months after the eruption
Krakatau
This notable prehistorical eruption was probably the equivalent on the VEI scale of the Tambora, Indonesia, (VEI 7) volcanic eruption of 1812 (the largest eruption in record history)
Mazama (7,000 years ago)
The summit caldera where the stratovolcano of Mount Mazama used to stand
Crater Lake, Oregon
Which of Yellowstone’s three prehistoric catastrophic VEI 8 eruptions was the largest?
The one 2.2 million years ago.
The lowest-volume Yellowstone eruption was?
1.3 million years ago
This Icelandic eruption built a new island that has been declared a United Nations World Heritage site so that scientists may study how plants and animals colonize a new habitat emerging from the sea
Surtsey, Iceland
What type of lava commonly erupts on Earth today?
Mafic Basalt
Indonesian word?
Lahar
A repeat of what is called the Electron ______ would be volcanogenic mudflow that could endanger people in the city of Tacoma, Washington, even though they live 36 miles from Mount Rainer, an active stratovolcano.
Lahar
Icelandic word what is also known as a “glacial burst”
jokuhlaup
When did the two distinct types of Pelean-style pyroclastic flows named for the Mount Pelee eruption of 1902 happen?
They happened several weeks apart during the eruption
a ‘slow’ and hot nuee ardente came down a valley to the sea but spread along the coast into st. pierre
May 8 Pelean-style pyroclastic flow
it jumped two ridges and completed the destruction of the city. it was described as explosive
may 20 pelean-style pyroclastic flow
The fissure on the northwestern side of Mount Katmai, Alaska, is called Nova Rupta, which means “new eruption” in which language
Latin
The most lethal volcanic hazard during the eruption of both Mount Kelud, Indonesia, in 1919 and at Ruiz, Colombia, in 1985 was a _____-
Lahar
volcanogenic mudflow
lahar
volcanic gas emission or volcanic smog is abbreviated how?
VOG
which type of primary volcanic hazard was deposited in the Valley of 10,000 smokes during the 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai?
Pyroclastic ignimbrites
Mount Katmai, Alaska, Mount Kelud, Indonesia, Mount Saint Helens, Washington State are volcanoes that all share this same geologic cause
a convergent play boundary with at least one subducting oceanic plate
Mount Katmia, Alaska; Mount Kelud, Indonesia, Mount Saint Helens, Washington State are all this same type of volcano
Stratovolcanoes
andesitic in composition, consists of alternating layers of lava rock and pyroclastic debris and is as much as 10,000 ft. in height
stratovolcanoes
if these two types of pyroclastic flow hadn’t already been named for the Mount Pelee eruption of 1902, they would have been named after what?
Mount Saint Helens eruption of 1980
When did the two distinct types of Pelean-style pyroclastic flow happen during the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens?
They happened together at the stary of the eruption
The mafic basalt eruptions of Kilauea from 1983 to 2018 were what type of eruption?
Icelandic-style eruption
The mafic basalt eruptions of Kilauea in 2021 and 2022 were what type of eruption?
Hawaiian style eruption
what secondary volcanic hazard caused the casualties at Lake Nyos in 1986?
a gas emission
the eruption of mount Pinatubo in 1991 caused the permanent closing of a(n) ________ military base.
United Sates
asteroids are composed largely of
heavy refractory elements
comets are composed largely of
light-weight volatile elements
Bodies in an elliptical orbit around the sun and more or less in the Plane of Ecliptic (the plane in which the planets orbit the sun) are likely to have originated in ______.
The Main Asteroid Belt
Bodies in a parabolic orbit around the sun and which may or may not be in a high-inclination orbit to the Plane of the Ecliptic are likely to have originated in _______-
The Kuiper Cometary Belt or Oort Cometary Cloud
Bodies in a hyperbolic orbit and a high-inclination orbit to the Plane of the Ecliptic are likely to have originated in ______
Interstellar Space
Short-period comets like Hailey’s Comet probably came from
The Kuiper Cometary Belt
Long-period comets probably came from
The Oort Cometary Cloud
_____ is what caused the (so far) largest impact with Earth in recorded history
The Tunguska Comet
What object is currently estimated to have the greatest chance of hitting the Earth is the asteroid
1950 DA
_______ is a Near Earth Object that was recently the target of an engineering experiment that actually changed the course of the object through space.
Dimorphous
Where is the chances and severity of asteroid or comet impacts shown?
The Torino Scale.
