Natural Disasters Exam 2 Flashcards
We can grouped Catastrophic, Merapian, Pelean and Plinian volcanic eruptions together because they have _______ in common.
High-silica rhyolite and andesite eruption and pyroclastic flows
Volcanic geysers in Yellowstone National Park and geysers observed on the surface of Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, consists of ________.
Boiling water or fumaroles
The spider-shaped dark debris on the Martian surface appear to have been erupted by phreatic eruption, which consist of __________.
Boiling water and entrained debris
________ caused by sublimating subsurface carbon dioxide near the south pole of Mars.
Araneiform terrain
Hawaiian-style volcanic eruptions consist of _________.
low-silica basalt lava erupting from a central crater.
Icelandic-style volcanic eruptions consist of _______.
low-silica basalt lava erupting from a fissure
Can Hawaiian-style eruptions occur in Iceland?
YES
Can Icelandic-style eruptions happen in Hawaii?
YES
A continually-erupting eruption cloud is a ________ eruption.
Vesuvian
Volcanic eruptions that emplace ignimbrites and welded tuff when the rock above a magma chamber collapses into the magma chamber are called _________ eruptions.
Catastrophic
Collapse of a lava dome
slower moving
somewhat hot
Merapian
hottest eruptions are driven by outgassing magma
fastest eruptions are “cooler” and driven by superheated steam
Pelean
a collapsing eruption cloud full of hot, pyroclastic material
Plinian
The largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of _____.
7
What are believed to have had a VEI 8?
caldera-forming supervolcanic eruptions (eruptions of Yellowstone)
0 being a very gentle eruption to 8 a caldera-forming supervolcanic eruption
VEI scale
On the 0 to 8 VEI scale, most volcanic eruptions over the past 10,000 years have rated a ____.
VEI 2
Which is the coarser-grained (larger-grained type of ignimbrite according to your instructor - volcanic breccia or welded tuff?
volcanic breccia
Which natural disaster has killed more people over a 500-year period of time - earthquakes or volcanoes?
Earthquake
Over a 500-year period of time, __________ volcanic eruptions or eruptions accounts or account for about half the human deaths caused by all volcanic eruptions during that period of time.
four
Which of the following types of lava would be the least viscous with the least explosive potential if all types of lava were commonly erupting on Earth today?
Komalite
Lower silica is lower volatile and less viscous with less of a chance for explosive eruption than mafic basalt is today.
Komatiite
Ignimbrite form from _______ eruptions.
Rhyolite and andesite
_______ are the primary volcanic hazard that has killed the most people over a 500 year period of time.
pyroclastic flows
In 2018, a landslide on the flanks (sides) of Anak, Krataau (a growing stratovolcano in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra) generated this volcanic hazard that took several hundred lives:
A tsunami or displacement waves
This notable eruption contributed to the decline of a classical civilization that was a contemporary of the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Egyptians
Thera (1628 BC)