Natural Disasters Exam 1 Flashcards
In silicate minerals, isolated silicate tetrahedra and three-dimensional networks of silicate tetrahedra are example of _____________.
Defining anions
The shape that a crystal of a particular mineral takes is determined by the ______________ of the mineral.
crystal system
A partly-molten of the Earth that the tectonic plates of the Earth move over is called the _____________. This is located in the upper mantle.
The asthenosphere.
The tectonic plates of the Earth are contained in a layer called the ______________. This layer is contained in the crust and uppermost mantle.
The lithosphere.
_____________ is hotter than the outer core, and is solid because it is under greater pressure.
The inner core.
Where does the Earth’s magnetic field originate? The ____________ is completely molten.
In the outer core.
Where do most of Earth’s volcanism happen?
At transform tectonic plate boundaries.
At divergent tectonic plate boundaries
These are the seafloor spreading center. This is where 80% of Earth’s volcanism happens because volcanism happens all along the many thousands of miles of divergent seafloor spreading centers.
Where are Hawaii and Yellowstone volcanoes located?
The _____________ are the exception to the fact that Earth’s volcanism happens at the margins of tectonic plates.
Over mantle plumes.
When the westward moving North American continental plate overrode part of the Earth Pacific Rise, that part of the East Pacific Rise was replaced by ________________.
A transform plate boundary.
The point of origin of an earthquake along a fault plane is called the _____________. Site of first motion along the fault. Located at some depth below the surface.
focus
Point on the surface directly above the focus.
Epicenter
_________________ is the scale currently used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to rank an earthquake by size, and provides a more complete estimate of the energy released by an earthquake than did the original earthquake scale used by the USGS. This is more of a complete measure of the intensity of an earthquake.
Moment Magnitude
How does faulting happen?
It happens under low pressure, near the surface, where brittle rock failure occurs.
It is believed that movement along a fault dies out at depth when rock deformation along the fault becomes ______________ due to higher pressure at greater depths in the Earth.
Plastic deformation
All rocks initially undergo elastic deformation when stress first applied.
Brittle Deformation
Rocks undergo _____________ when the “elastic limit” of the rocks is exceeded, resulting in faulting and permanent rock movement.
Brittle Fracture
_______________are the fastest type of seismic wave and can pass through an medium (solid, liquid or gaseous), including through solid, molten, and semi-molten layers of the Earth.
P-waves body seismic waves
__________ have most of their energy from p-wave body waves
underground nuclear explosions
___________________ have most of their energy in s-wave body waves
natural earthquakes
We know that the outer part of the Earth’s core is completely molten because is completely blocks _________________ seismic waves that pass through solid layers of the Earth but cannot travel through liquids.
S-wave body seismic waves
What kind of faulting happens under tension (stretching) of the crust?
Common at divergent plate tectonic boundaries.
Normal dip-slip faults.
What kind of faulting happens under compression of the crust?
reverse dip-slip faults
What kind of faulting happens under shearing of the crust?
common at transform plate tectonic boundaries
left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip fault
A _________ occurs as a series of seismic pulses and can death and destruction the farthest from the origin of an earthquake.
tsunami
the fastest type of landslide is a(n) _________
avalanche
In an earthquake, seismic shaking is at its maximum in areas underlain by _____________________
unconsolidated soil and sediment
The slowest type of landslide are ________________
Slumps
Most avalanches start out as _______________
rock or debris fall
A type of earthquake-induced wave or flood that is caused when a landslide shoves an equal volume of water out of a lake or other body of water is called a(n) ______________
Displacement wave
____________ are something of a prerequisite for earthquake-induced damburst floods.
Impoundment flood
Which of the following construction materials would be most likely to suffer damage in an earthquake?
Brick and stone (suffer brittle failure in an earthquake)
This notable earthquake still holds the record for the longest fault rupture:
It traveled 900 miles in 10 minutes
the effective speed of rupture of 5,400 miles per hour
Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004)
Liquefaction and negative floatation of buildings and even people were major hazards in this notable earthquake.
Port Royal, Jamaica (1692)
Along the sort of fault did the Izmit and Duzce, Turkey earthquakes of 1999 happen?
A right-lateral strike-dip fault
Which of the following notable earthquakes is the largest earthquake in record history?
The Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960
Where is seismic hazard highest in China?
Western China
Where is seismic risk highest in China?
Eastern China
What was the geologic setting of the notable earthquakes in China that were studied?
At transform fault north of the convergent boundary of two continental plates.
What was the geologic setting of the New Madrid, earthquake of 1811-1812?
A suspected failed divergent plate boundary.
What was the geological setting of the earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1755?
A transform (strike-slip) offset of a divergent seafloor spreading center.
What was the geologic setting of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake?
A transform (strike-slip) plate boundary.
this notable earthquake may have caused the relocation of the capital of American state:
The Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964
If they happened today, the seismic risk resulting from the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 - 1812 would be _____________.
much higher
What was the major earthquake hazard following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake in San Francisco was _______________
fire
Seismic shaking was more of a hazard north and south of the namesake of this notable earthquake.
San Francisco, California (1906)
The recent earthquakes in Taiwan and Mexico happened along the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is a _______ plate boundary.
Convergent Plate Boundary
The most silica-rich, viscous, and volatile-rich lava (and therefore the lava that has the greatest potential to erupt explosively) is ____________.
rhyolite
Radioactive fallout was a unique hazard associated with this earthquake.
Sendai, Japan
This type of volcano has not erupted in recorded history but has no erosion on the sides or flanks of the cone.
Dormant volcano
This volcano has not erupted in recorded history and does have erosion on the slides or flanks of its cone.
Extinct Volcano
This volcano has erupted in recorded history.
Active Volcano
Although not the most silica-rich lava erupting on Earth today, _______ eruptions are still silica-rich enough and volatile-rich enough to erupt explosively.
Andersite
__________ is the least silica-rich and least volatile-rich lava commonly erupting on Earth today, and does not erupt explosively.
Basalt
Glassy, non-crystalline volcanic igneous rock that cooled too quickly to form material crystals while being erupted is called
Pyroclasts
Holes in volcanic rocks that are formed when lava solidifies around gas bubbles are called
vesicles
___________ are minerals crystals that had time to form in an otherwise glass, non-crystalline matrix.
phenocrysts
_______ are chunks of broke-off country rock (rock surrounding the volcanic pipe) that have been incorporated into the solidified extrusive igneous rock.
xenoliths
Thought of as a classic volcano cone, these cones consist of alternating layers of rhyolite or andesite lava flows and can be as much as 10,000 feet in height or higher
stratovolcanoes
A pile of loose pyroclastic debris piled up around the volcanic vent at its angle of repose would be a
cinder cone
