Natural Disasters Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In silicate minerals, isolated silicate tetrahedra and three-dimensional networks of silicate tetrahedra are example of _____________.

A

Defining anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The shape that a crystal of a particular mineral takes is determined by the ______________ of the mineral.

A

crystal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A partly-molten of the Earth that the tectonic plates of the Earth move over is called the _____________. This is located in the upper mantle.

A

The asthenosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The tectonic plates of the Earth are contained in a layer called the ______________. This layer is contained in the crust and uppermost mantle.

A

The lithosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____________ is hotter than the outer core, and is solid because it is under greater pressure.

A

The inner core.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the Earth’s magnetic field originate? The ____________ is completely molten.

A

In the outer core.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do most of Earth’s volcanism happen?

A

At transform tectonic plate boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At divergent tectonic plate boundaries

A

These are the seafloor spreading center. This is where 80% of Earth’s volcanism happens because volcanism happens all along the many thousands of miles of divergent seafloor spreading centers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are Hawaii and Yellowstone volcanoes located?
The _____________ are the exception to the fact that Earth’s volcanism happens at the margins of tectonic plates.

A

Over mantle plumes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When the westward moving North American continental plate overrode part of the Earth Pacific Rise, that part of the East Pacific Rise was replaced by ________________.

A

A transform plate boundary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The point of origin of an earthquake along a fault plane is called the _____________. Site of first motion along the fault. Located at some depth below the surface.

A

focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Point on the surface directly above the focus.

A

Epicenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_________________ is the scale currently used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to rank an earthquake by size, and provides a more complete estimate of the energy released by an earthquake than did the original earthquake scale used by the USGS. This is more of a complete measure of the intensity of an earthquake.

A

Moment Magnitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does faulting happen?

A

It happens under low pressure, near the surface, where brittle rock failure occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is believed that movement along a fault dies out at depth when rock deformation along the fault becomes ______________ due to higher pressure at greater depths in the Earth.

A

Plastic deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All rocks initially undergo elastic deformation when stress first applied.

A

Brittle Deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rocks undergo _____________ when the “elastic limit” of the rocks is exceeded, resulting in faulting and permanent rock movement.

A

Brittle Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______________are the fastest type of seismic wave and can pass through an medium (solid, liquid or gaseous), including through solid, molten, and semi-molten layers of the Earth.

A

P-waves body seismic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

__________ have most of their energy from p-wave body waves

A

underground nuclear explosions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___________________ have most of their energy in s-wave body waves

A

natural earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

We know that the outer part of the Earth’s core is completely molten because is completely blocks _________________ seismic waves that pass through solid layers of the Earth but cannot travel through liquids.

A

S-wave body seismic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of faulting happens under tension (stretching) of the crust?
Common at divergent plate tectonic boundaries.

A

Normal dip-slip faults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What kind of faulting happens under compression of the crust?

A

reverse dip-slip faults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of faulting happens under shearing of the crust?
common at transform plate tectonic boundaries

A

left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A _________ occurs as a series of seismic pulses and can death and destruction the farthest from the origin of an earthquake.

A

tsunami

26
Q

the fastest type of landslide is a(n) _________

A

avalanche

27
Q

In an earthquake, seismic shaking is at its maximum in areas underlain by _____________________

A

unconsolidated soil and sediment

28
Q

The slowest type of landslide are ________________

A

Slumps

29
Q

Most avalanches start out as _______________

A

rock or debris fall

30
Q

A type of earthquake-induced wave or flood that is caused when a landslide shoves an equal volume of water out of a lake or other body of water is called a(n) ______________

A

Displacement wave

31
Q

____________ are something of a prerequisite for earthquake-induced damburst floods.

A

Impoundment flood

32
Q

Which of the following construction materials would be most likely to suffer damage in an earthquake?

A

Brick and stone (suffer brittle failure in an earthquake)

33
Q

This notable earthquake still holds the record for the longest fault rupture:
It traveled 900 miles in 10 minutes
the effective speed of rupture of 5,400 miles per hour

A

Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004)

34
Q

Liquefaction and negative floatation of buildings and even people were major hazards in this notable earthquake.

A

Port Royal, Jamaica (1692)

35
Q

Along the sort of fault did the Izmit and Duzce, Turkey earthquakes of 1999 happen?

A

A right-lateral strike-dip fault

36
Q

Which of the following notable earthquakes is the largest earthquake in record history?

A

The Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960

37
Q

Where is seismic hazard highest in China?

A

Western China

38
Q

Where is seismic risk highest in China?

A

Eastern China

39
Q

What was the geologic setting of the notable earthquakes in China that were studied?

A

At transform fault north of the convergent boundary of two continental plates.

40
Q

What was the geologic setting of the New Madrid, earthquake of 1811-1812?

A

A suspected failed divergent plate boundary.

41
Q

What was the geological setting of the earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1755?

A

A transform (strike-slip) offset of a divergent seafloor spreading center.

42
Q

What was the geologic setting of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake?

A

A transform (strike-slip) plate boundary.

43
Q

this notable earthquake may have caused the relocation of the capital of American state:

A

The Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964

44
Q

If they happened today, the seismic risk resulting from the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 - 1812 would be _____________.

A

much higher

45
Q

What was the major earthquake hazard following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake in San Francisco was _______________

A

fire

46
Q

Seismic shaking was more of a hazard north and south of the namesake of this notable earthquake.

A

San Francisco, California (1906)

47
Q

The recent earthquakes in Taiwan and Mexico happened along the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is a _______ plate boundary.

A

Convergent Plate Boundary

48
Q

The most silica-rich, viscous, and volatile-rich lava (and therefore the lava that has the greatest potential to erupt explosively) is ____________.

A

rhyolite

49
Q

Radioactive fallout was a unique hazard associated with this earthquake.

A

Sendai, Japan

50
Q

This type of volcano has not erupted in recorded history but has no erosion on the sides or flanks of the cone.

A

Dormant volcano

51
Q

This volcano has not erupted in recorded history and does have erosion on the slides or flanks of its cone.

A

Extinct Volcano

52
Q

This volcano has erupted in recorded history.

A

Active Volcano

53
Q

Although not the most silica-rich lava erupting on Earth today, _______ eruptions are still silica-rich enough and volatile-rich enough to erupt explosively.

A

Andersite

54
Q

__________ is the least silica-rich and least volatile-rich lava commonly erupting on Earth today, and does not erupt explosively.

A

Basalt

55
Q

Glassy, non-crystalline volcanic igneous rock that cooled too quickly to form material crystals while being erupted is called

A

Pyroclasts

56
Q

Holes in volcanic rocks that are formed when lava solidifies around gas bubbles are called

A

vesicles

57
Q

___________ are minerals crystals that had time to form in an otherwise glass, non-crystalline matrix.

A

phenocrysts

58
Q

_______ are chunks of broke-off country rock (rock surrounding the volcanic pipe) that have been incorporated into the solidified extrusive igneous rock.

A

xenoliths

59
Q

Thought of as a classic volcano cone, these cones consist of alternating layers of rhyolite or andesite lava flows and can be as much as 10,000 feet in height or higher

A

stratovolcanoes

60
Q

A pile of loose pyroclastic debris piled up around the volcanic vent at its angle of repose would be a

A

cinder cone