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Natrural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Extreme natural events that pose a threat to life and risk damaging property. The impacts can be minimised according to the management. They have always occurred on earth, however humans can influence frequency

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2
Q

How are different natural hazards classified?

A

Tectonic hazards e.g. Earthquakes
Atmospheric hazards, such as hurricanes
Geomorphological hazards e.g. Flooding
Biological hazards such as forest fires

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3
Q

Where do natural hazards occur?

A

All across the world, although some areas are more vulnerable to others.

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4
Q

What factors effect hazard in risk?

A 
Deforestation 
Pressure on marginal land
Population growth
Global warming
Urbanisation
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5
Q

How do LIC and HIC countries face different consequences of natural hazards?

A

HIC low death rate high economical costs

LIC low economical costs and high death rates

Longer lasting effects in LIC countries

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6
Q

What is the earths structure?

A

Made up of a core mantle and crust

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7
Q

Name the two types of crust?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

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8
Q

What makes up the tectonic plates?

A

Lithosphere with is broken up into tectonic plates

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9
Q

What is the area called where two plates meet?

A

Plate margin

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10
Q

How do tectonic plate move via convection?

A

The cores temperature is 6,000 degrees which heats up magma. The hot magma is less dense and rises. As it cools it sinks. Build up of lateral pressure carrying plates with them

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11
Q

How do tectonic plates move via ridge push and slab pull?

A

At constructive:
Ocean ridges form high above ocean floor. Beneath mantle melts, magma rises as the plates move apart and cools down to form new plate material. It becomes denser and slides down which cause plates to move away

At destructive:
Denser plate sinks back into mantle under gravity, which pulls rest of plate along with it.

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12
Q

Where are earthquakes found?

A

Constructive and destructive margins
Land and sea
Large band which circles Pacific open is the ‘ ring of fire’

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13
Q

Where are earthquakes found?

A

All 3 types of plate margins

Land and sea

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14
Q

Name two main types of natural hazard

A

Geological (land and tectonic)

Meteorological (weather and climate)

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15
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

Two plates moving towards each other

When oceanic meets continental the denser oceans is plate is forced down into mantle and destroyed. Creates volcanoes and ocean trenches

Two continental meets the plates collide, the ground is folded and forced upwards to create mountain ranges

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16
Q

What is a constructive margin?

A

Constructive margins are when two plates are moving away from each other. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cool creating new crust

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17
Q

What is a conservative margin?

A

Two plates are moving sideways past each other or are moving in the same direction at different speeds

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18
Q

How are earthquakes formed at destructive plate margins?

A

Tension builds up when one plate gets stuck as it’s moving down past the other into the mantle

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19
Q

How are earthquakes formed at constructive margins?

A

Tension build up along cracks within the plates as they move away from each other

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20
Q

How are earthquakes formed at conservative margins?

A

Tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck

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21
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the earths surface straight above focus

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22
Q

What are the general primary effects of an earthquake?

A

Building and bridges collapse
People are injured and killed
Roads, railways and airports are damaged
Electricity cables gas and water are damaged cutting offf supplies

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23
Q

What are the general secondary effects of an earthquake?

A

Can trigger landslides and tsunamis
Leaking gas can be ignited starting fire
People are left homeless
Shortage of clean water
Blocked and destroyed roads so emergency vehicles trapped
Weaker economy due to price of reconstruction and repair

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24
Q

What are general immediate responses of an earthquake?

A 
Rescue people who are trapped
Recover dead bodies
Put out fires
Temporary shelters
Temporary supplies and aid
Foreign governments make money for charity
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25
Q

What are some general long term responses to an earthquake?

A

Rehouse people who lost home
Repair building
Reconnect broken cables

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26
Q

What are general primary effects to a volcano?

A

Building and roads destroyed by lava and pyroclastic flows
People and animals injured and killed
Crops are damaged
Suffocation by volcanic gases

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27
Q

What are general secondary effects of a volcano?

A

Mudflows and landslides cause lot destruction and death
Flooding can be cause by hot rock ash and gas melting ice
Transport networks are blocked
People left homeless
Tourism disrupted

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28
Q

What are some general immediate responses to a volcano?

A 
Evacuate people
Provide aid
Treat people
Rescue
Raise money
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29
Q

What are some general long term responses of a volcano?

A

Repair and rebuild if possible
Reconnect power lines and cables
Improve monitoring and evacuation plans
Boost the economy

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30
Q

Nepal case study LIC

CAUSES

A

It was approx 80km to the northwest of Kathmandu and was very shallow (15km)

Occurred due to collision between the Indian plate and the overriding Eurasia plate to the north

Indian plate converging with Eurasian at a rate of 45mm/year

25th April 2015

31
Q

Nepal case study LIC

BACKGROUND

A

Nepal is one of poorest countries in world
Nepal located in Asia. The Gorkha district is located slightly north of Barpak and 80km north west of Kathmandu
.
Population of 28million Nepal
Nepal had HDI of 0.540-mostly from tourism
GDP of $701 per capita

25th April 2015

32
Q

Nepal case study LIC

PRIMARY EFFECTS

A

8,841 dead and 16,800 injured
1 million left homeless
26 hospitals destroyed
50% of all schools destroyed
352 aftershocks, including second earthquake measuring 7.3 magnitude
315,000 cut of by road and 75,000 unreachable by air

33
Q

Nepal case study LIC

SECONDARY EFFECTS

A

Triggered avalanche on Mount Everest 19 died

Rice was ruined by rubble

34
Q

Nepal case study LIC

IMMEDIATE RESPONSES

A

Carried out post disaster needs assessment. It reported 23 area required help
US$274 million aid committed
UK’s DEC raised $126 million by sept15
Temporary shelters set up, Red Cross provided tents for 225,000 people

35
Q

Nepal case study LIC

LONG TERM RESPONSES

A

UK gave £83million
Dunbar square heritage site opened in June 2015 and Mount Everest in August 2015 with extended permits
UK offered 100 search and rescue responders

36
Q

Nepal case study LIC

WHY SO BAD?

A

Nepal is LIC meaning it had no money to repair damages therefore people left suffering

Tourism generated there money and the earthquake disrupted this, therefore no income

37
Q

Christchurch Case study HIC

CAUSES

A

New Zealand located on the ring of fire

Conservative plate boundary

5km focus depth

2km west of town Lyttelton

38
Q

Christchurch case study HIC

BACKGROUND

A

Population 390,300
6.3 on Richter scale
February 22,2011 12:51pm

39
Q

Christchurch case study HIC

PRIMARY EFFECTS

A 
182 killed
80% of City no electricity
City's main airport closed
Main hospital evacuated
Water supplies and sewage disposal pipes burst
Roads and bridges damaged
Liquefaction of ground
Historic buildings destroyed
40
Q

Christchurch case study HIC

SECONDARY EFFECTS

A

Total damage of $30billion
600 km or roads required remediation
Both main campuses evacuated and suspended
Softened up buildings so everyone fears for future earthquakes

41
Q

Christchurch case study HIC

IMMEDIATE RESPONSES

A

Government helpline set up for those effected
Firefighter using helicopters and giant cranes rescued survivors off roofs and high buildings
Chemical toilets provided for 30,000
30million tons of ice broke off New Zealand biggest glacier
Rescue teams

42
Q

Christchurch case study HIC

LONG TERM RESPONSES

A

15,00 students from Canterbury university formed volunteer student army
Clean up continues for years
57 temporary buildings built by canterbury university
By August 80% of roads and 50% of footpaths repaired
Insurance companies paid $898 million in building claims

43
Q

Why do people still live in areas at risk from Tectonic hazards?

A

Always lived there- would mean moving away from family
Employed in the area - would have to find a new job
Severe earthquakes won’t happen again
Soil around earthquakes are fertile- attracts farmers
Volcanoes are tourist attractions so offers money and employment

44
Q

How can monitoring reduce effects of tectonic hazards?

A

Network of seismometers and lasers measure play movement and can be used as early warning systems

Scientists can measure early signs for example tiny earthquakes, escaping gas, changes in wildlife

45
Q

How can prediction reduce effects of tectonic hazards?

A

Scientists can prepare the areas by monitoring and predicting worst effected areas

Predict when volcano is going to erupt
So people have time to evacuate

46
Q

How can protection reduce effects of tectonic hazards?

A

Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes- reinforced concrete or special building structures that absorb energy

Strengthening buildings

Automatic shut off switches to prevent fires and leaking

Rolling weights on roofs, lattice work, shock absorbers, numbering on roofs to identify

Dig trenches, artificial barrier

47
Q

How can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

Emergency services can train and prepare

Educated to learns hat to do in the event

Practise emergency evacuation routes

Stockpile emergency supplies

E.g. ‘Drop cover and hold on’

48
Q

What are winds?

A

Large scale movements of air caused by differences in air pressure

49
Q

Where do winds move?

A

From areas of high pressure to the area of low pressure

50
Q

What temperature must the sea be for a tropical storm to develop?

A

27 degrees Celsius or higher

51
Q

How are storms made more powerful?

A

Warm moist air rises and condensation occurs which release huge amounts of energy

52
Q

Why do tropical storms move west?

A

Easterly winds near the equator

53
Q

Why do storms spin?

A

The earths rotation deflects the paths Of the winds

54
Q

When do tropical storms lose energy?

A

Move over land or cooler water

55
Q

Where do most tropical storm occur and why?

A

5 degrees to 30 degrees north and south of equator any further it isn’t warm enough

56
Q

Usually how long do storms last?

A

7-14 days

57
Q

What is the centre of the storm called?

A

eye 50 km wide caused by descending air.

58
Q

What are the conditions like in the eye?

A

Low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain and a high temperature

59
Q

What surround the eye?

A

Eye wall

60
Q

What are the conditions like in the eye wall?

A

Spiralling rising air, very strong wind- 160km per hour , storm clouds and torrential rains as well as low temperature

61
Q

What are the conditions like near the edges of the storm?

A

Wind speed falls
Clouds are small and sparse
Rain less intense
Temperature increases

62
Q

How might climate change effect tropical storms?

A

Global temperature expected to rise meaning more area above 27 degrees so more places experience tropical storms

High temperature mean stronger storms leading to more damage

63
Q

Name general primary effects of a tropical storm

A 
Building destroyed
Rivers and coastal areas flooded
Drowning
roads and railways destroyed
Electricity cables damaged
Sewage overflows
64
Q

Name some general secondary effects of a tropical storm

A 
Left homeless
Shortage of clean water
Roads are blocked
Businesses damaged causing unemployment
Livestock killed so shortage of food
65
Q

Name some general immediate responses of tropical storms

A 
Evacuate people
Rescue people
Temporary shelters
Temporary supplies
Disaster response tools
Prevent spread of disease
66
Q

Name some general long term responses to a tropical storm

A 
Repairing damage
Improve flood defences
More wading systems
Promote economic recovery
Provide aid
Improve building regulation
67
Q

Typhoon Haiyan case study

KEY INFORMATION

A

8 November 2013 4.40am
Category 5 typhoon struck Philippines
Most powerful typhoon to hit Philippines
Recorded wind speed of 314km per hour lowest barometric pressure of 895mbar

68
Q

Typhoon Haiyan case study

PRIMARY EFFECTS

A

Winds up to 315km per hour battered home, widespread collapse of buildings

Airport badly damaged, no one can get out of country

4.1 million made homeless

1.1 million houses destroyed
1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed
6,190 died
Damage worth US$12 billion

69
Q

Typhoon Haiyan case study

SECONDARY EFFECTS

A

oil barge that ran around Estancia in Holli caused 800,000 litre oil leak and most of this ran ashore contaminating 10 hectares of mangroves and water

Looting was popular, 8 died in rice loot stampede

By 2014, rice price risen by 11.9%

Infection and disease spread

70
Q

Typhoon Haiyan case study

RESPONSES

A

President televised warning which gave time for evacuation
800,000 evacuated which decrease death toll
Shelters in stadium in Tacloban but it flooded and they all died
Emergency supplies arrived 3 days later
Within 2 weeks 1 million food packs had arrived and 250,000 litres of water distributed
Mangroves replanted
US$88.871 million given
X factor single profits went towards
US$1.5 billion foreign aid pledges

71
Q

How are tropical storms monitored?

A

Satellites- global precipitation satellite launched which measure precipitation every three hours 2007

Aircraft- flies at 10,000 feet to collect air pressure, first flew into hurricane in 1943. Release dropsondes which send measurements every second via radio

72
Q

How can planning reduce the risks of tropical storms?

A 
Preparing disaster supply kits
Having fuel in vehicles
Official evacuation shelters
Storing loose objects
Planning with family what to do
73
Q

How can you protect against a tropical storm?

A

Install hurricane straps between roof and walls
Install storm shutters on windows
Install emergency generator
Tie down wind borne objects such as garden furniture
Reinforce garage doors
Remove trees close to buildings

Geography (3 decks)

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