NATO

Question 1

How many nations spend 2 % of GDP on defence in 2018?

Answer 1

Only 7, of which only 4 exceeded 2%

Question 2

What catalysed support for NATO?

Answer 2

The desire to create a strong link between North America and Europe in response to the Soviet threat

Question 3

What 3 things did the formation of NATO do?

Answer 3

1. Appeased concerns about the German threat
2. Contributed to ta greater sense of W EUR unity and security
3. Provided a mechanism for USA to participate in EUR econ and mil recovery

Question 4

When did the Warsaw pact disband?

Answer 4

1991

Question 5

When were the Combined Joint Task Forces created?

Answer 5

1994

Question 6

What did the CJTF give the possibility of?

Answer 6

1. NATO to engage in mil action with other intl entities

2. For the non-participation of NATO members in alliance-approved military activities

Question 7

What did George Kennan warn that the expansion of NATO east could be?

Answer 7

The most fateful error of American policy in the entire cold war period

Question 8

When and where was it announced that the Ukraine and Georgia would join NATO?

Answer 8

At the 2008 Bucharest Summit

Question 9

What prevents Sweden and Finland joining NATO?

Answer 9

Sceptical public opinion

Absence of elite consensus

Question 10

What does Thies say is different about NATO to previous alliances?

Answer 10

• It is very different to pre-WWII great power alliances

- It is an alliance of democracies the possessed hidden strengths that allow it to overcome internal disputes

Question 11

How did the likes of Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin Bismark and Napoleon view their allies?

Answer 11

As darkly as their enemies

The were tools to be used and then discarded or as dupes to be swindled and then abandoned.

Question 12

What are the two dangers for statesmen in a multipolar system?

Answer 12

1. The danger of being isolated in the face of a hostile alliance
2. The danger that a series of gains for a single state could lead to a huge advantage

These suggest that statesmen will be quick to form alliances

Question 13

In the 18C and 19C what was the only way to quickly augment national power?

Answer 13

Alliances

Increasing military power by mobilising domestic resources was limited and large armies would restrict economic growth

Question 14

In 19C alliances in a multipolar, how did members view allies and enemies alike?

Answer 14

As long term rivals in the struggle for predominance

Question 15

Why is there greater cooperation in a bipolar alliance?

Answer 15

There will be such a gap between the superpower and the smaller members that they are no longer rivals.

Question 16

Prior to 1870 what were wars like?

Answer 16

Slow motion affairs
National existence not at risk
Poss loss of frontier province or two

Question 17

Which two wars showed the new speed of conflict?

Answer 17

Austro-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian War

Question 18

Which pre WWI alliances seemed more durable than the alliance of before?

Answer 18

Tripple Alliance

Tripple Entente

Question 19

What does Wallace note is one of the hallmarks of the NATO in crisis literature?

Answer 19

Jumps to the conclusion that past failings will mean future disasters

Question 20

What do politicians use coalitions and alliances for?

Answer 20

An example of wider support

Examples include Bush’s Coalition of the willing for Iraq 2003

Question 21

While US and FRA argued about the invasion of Iraq where did the cooperate?

Answer 21

Intelligence sharing
FRA supported expanded NATO role if AFG
FRA supported UNSC resolution to lift sanctions on Iraq

Question 22

What was Lift and Strike in Bosnia?

Answer 22

• Lift UN arms embargo to allow US weapons to Bosniaks

- Strike Bosnian Serbs if they continued to attack

Question 23

What was agreed to eventually in Bosnia

Answer 23

• Enforcement of No-fly zone
• Targeting Serb weapons around sarajevo
• Coercive air campaign against Serbia

Question 24

How did Kissinger describe the build up to the Iraq invasion for NATO?

Answer 24

The gravest threat in the Alliance since its creation

Question 25

Who did NATO take over command of Afghanistan from?

Answer 25

Dutch-German command

Question 26

What did Lord Ismay (first Secretary General of NATO) say was the Alliance’a aim?

Answer 26

to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down