Native Americans, European-Americans and the U.S. Government

Question 1

What was true of Native American trade before Europeans arrived?

Answer 1

extensive trade networks between tribes

Question 2

What was the nature of trade ties between Native Americans and Europeans?

Answer 2

traded metal and later guns and alcohol for furs

Question 3

How were Native American tribes changed by trade contacts with Europeans?

Answer 3

they began to compete for European trade

Question 4

Difference in view of land

Answer 4

tribes had common land, europeans focused on private property

Question 5

Nature of early interactions

Answer 5

peaceful and europeans benefited but saw each other as barbaric

Question 6

Explanation of what happened to numbers of indigenous peoples after 1491

Answer 6

population dramatically decreased

Question 7

Mandans-

Answer 7

first winter of L&C’s trip, permanent villages, grew crops, huge trade

Question 8

Shoshani-

Answer 8

Sacagawea’s brother was the chief, they provided horses and guides of the journey

Question 9

Nez Perce-

Answer 9

Helped L&C find water ways, willing to help, friendly, gave goods and canoes

Question 10

Key elements of the idea of Manifest Destiny

Answer 10

to expand territory, providence (under care of God), “great experiment”

Question 11

Who coined the term Manifest Destiny and when

Answer 11

John O’Sullivan in 1839

Question 12

Thomas Jefferson’s view of Native Americans

Answer 12

“noble savages”, gave choice to assimilate or move beyond Mississippi River

Question 13

Andrew Jackson’s view

Answer 13

as hostile and inferior, forced all to move past Mississippi River

Question 14

Indian Removal Act

Answer 14

passed by congress in 1830, Indians are forced to move from settled areas, disbanded tribal legislation and court

Question 15

Supreme Court decisions in 1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia-

Answer 15

marshall refused to hear

Question 16

Supreme Court decisions in 1832 Worcester v. Georgia-

Answer 16

marshall ruled federal gov’t (not states) had jurisdiction over tribes and had no obligation to protect their welfare

Question 17

Trail of Tears

Answer 17

Jackson expelled all Cherokee by army , forced to walk 100s of miles

Question 18

James Polk and the expansion of the U.S.

Answer 18

expanded the rest of the continent- Texas (1845), PNW (1846), Southwest (1848)

Question 19

Indian Territory (promise)

Answer 19

promised a territory for Indians only, in Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma

Question 20

Population change in U.S.:

Answer 20

1860-31mil 1870-39 mil 1880-50 mil 1890-63 mil 1900-76 mil

Question 21

Development of reservations

Answer 21

1867 the gov’t creates reservations originally on the great plains, the Bureau of Indian Affairs managed them, then expanded to other areas

Question 22

Factors that led to transformation of the West

Answer 22

Gold rush, transcontinental railroad, homestead act, farming/ranching, decimation od buffalo

Question 23

Gold rush-

Answer 23

resulted in population and economic growth in California: .5 billion found in gold (19th century money), San Francisco population boomed 33,000 in one year, jobs/ companies grew (Levi Strauss jeans, laundry), Native population decreased dramatically, and white people could have Indian children slaves

Question 24

Homestead Act-

Answer 24

1862, gov’t gave away 160 acres of land for small price to settlers, 40% success

Question 25

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 25

gave job opportunities for immigrants and Americans, connected east and west, made settling and living across US easier and quicker, 2 private companies encouraged by paid for Mile and earned land

Question 26

Decimation of the buffalo

Answer 26

Settlers wanted fur and meat, farmers wanted land for farming and cattle, shot for sport, 1865: 15 million buffalo, 1875:

Question 27

The General Allotment Act/Dawes Act of 1887

Answer 27

The aim was to undo the idea of common land, to make Indians civilized and change mentality
Indians opposed greatly, Reservations divided into plots, and individuals claim plots (or done for them), the lobby act restricted Indians for leaving reservations
results: legislation eventually removed restrictions on allotments, 1903 removed restrictions on 5 civilized tribes and they didn’t get fair value for their land

Question 28

When was Citizenship for Native Americans was granted, right to vote secured?

Answer 28

gained citizenship in 1924, gained right to vote in 1948

Question 29

Meriam Report

Answer 29

1928, found that: approach to education system was failing, living conditions were unhealthy and unsanitary, land was unsuitable for agriculture, natural resources were unavailable, employment opportunities unavailable, pushing assimilation was a mistake

Question 30

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Answer 30

made tribes more self governing (more negotiation), returned control of land (ended Dawe’s Act privatization), funds for business development, 2 million acres of land returned to tribes, reorganized school system (promoted day school, tribal language and traditional culture)

Question 31

Termination Policy

Answer 31

1950’s, rejected IRA, returned to assimilation, reintroduced boarding school (ended emphasis on traditional culture), gave state courts more control in tribal area, ended loan program, gave incentives to relocate into cities

Question 32

American Indian Movement

Answer 32

founded in 1968, US refocuses on tribal sovereignty and protection of culture

Question 33

Declaration of Indian Purpose,

Answer 33

1961 61 tribes argue to end Termination Policy

Question 34

Sitting Bull

Answer 34

Lakota medicine man, shot by a Lakota policeman

Question 35

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 35

With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. the territory covered a lot of tribal land

Question 36

Evolution of farming and ranching, consequences

Answer 36

technological advances increased agricultural lands - the plow and mechanical reaper, conflict between groups over different natural resources

Question 37

Assumptions ‘reformers’ had regarding reservations and Native Americans

Answer 37

they were in need of assimilation to eliminate heritage and culture and replace it with Western/white culture and values

Question 38

Characteristics of education system:

Answer 38

Corrupt, coed, strict rules about no Native culture, girls learned domestic “white women roles”

Question 39

Results of system for students

Answer 39

most students did not want to be there, once they returned to tribes they did not use their skills and were sometimes not accepted back

Question 40

Sand Creek, Black Kettle and Col. Chivington

Answer 40

1864, Black Kettle was the chief of Cheyenne Indians, Sand Creek was a massacre where Col. Chivington killed 150 innocent women and children

Question 41

In what ways are Native Americans diverse?

Answer 41

Spiritual difference, language, nomadic and not moving, types of housing, size of tribes

Question 42

What are common (shared) features of Native American cultures?

Answer 42

physical world is sacred and spiritual, view land as communal, trade with each other

Question 43

Meaning and significance of ‘Right of Discovery’

Answer 43

people who found untitled land could claim it, affected native americans because they were on land and no concept of owning private land

Question 44

Did all leading politicians embrace the idea?

Answer 44

Representative Robert Winthrop spoke against it, many differing opinion

Question 45

Debate over Indian Removal Act, arguments of Jackson and Frelinghuysen

Answer 45

Jackson didn’t think assimilation would work and to “help” Indians to not have to assimilate. create territory beyond MI river to push indians

Question 46

The Experience of the Nez Perce

Answer 46

thought they had a good relationship, forced on reservation and tried to escape but were brought back to reservation (“Whose Land Is It?”, “The West”)

Question 47

Wounded Knee 1890

Answer 47

(including prior events that year on reservation) right before the US gov’t restricted the Lakota tribal land and redistributed land into private holding,

Question 48

Chief Joseph

Answer 48

led nez perce thingy

Question 49

Ghost Dance (what was it, what was its cause?)

Answer 49

thought that doing dance would bring power of jesus would bring him and buffalo, they’d be purified and bullets wouldn’t hurt them