Native Americans Flashcards
who were the native Americans 5
- inhabited North American continents before white settlers arrived in 15th century
- 19th century 86 had been identified
- each tribe had their own way of life
- largest tribe in America were the plain Indians - called the Sioux or Lakota
- nomadic
what were large tribes known as
nations
what were the Great Plains 2
- white settlers left the heartland desert on America to native americans
- this is were the biggest concentration of native Americans were.
what was the importance of buffalo
used it for many purposes
who were the plain Indians 5
- worshipped nature
- had their own language
- had their own culture and ceremonies
- had their own tribal laws and government
who were the Cherokee
one of 5 civilised tribes
what was the muscle of buffalo used for 2
sinew
meat for jerky
what was the fat of buffalo used for 2
soap
cooking oil
what was the tanned hide of the buffalo used for 4
moccasins
cradles
winter robes
shirts
what was the raw hide of the buffalo used for 3
buckets
belts
shields
what was the horn of the buffalo used for 3
cups
spoons
ladles
what was the skull of the buffalo used for 1
altar for religious ceremonies
what was the brain of the buffalo used for 1
hide preparation
what were the hooves of the buffalo used for 2
glue
rattles
what was the beard of the buffalo used for 1
ornaments for weapons
what was the tongue of the buffalo used for 1
best part of the meat
what was the stomach of the buffalo used for 4
buckets
cups
dishes
cooking pots
what were the bones of the buffalo used for 4
knives
arrow heads
shovels
saddles
what was the dung of the buffalo used for
fuel
what was the hair of the buffalo used for 2
pillows
ropes
who was Tecumseh
a Shawnee leader
who were Tecumseh’s parents
mother was a creek
father was a Shawnee
what did Tecumseh think the Native American weakness was
disunity was the native American weakness
what did Tecumseh do
attempted to form a confederacy - a political union of tribes
had already been proactive in fighting the us in the 1790s
refused to sign the treaty of grenville which would’ve given Native American lands in Ohio to the US
what did Tecumseh believe
land didnt belong to anyone so couldn’t be signed away like air and water
who was Tecumseh’s brother
was the Prophet Tenskwata. he preached the rejection of white customs and goods
Tecumseh transformed this into a political confederation
what was the aim of Tecumseh’s political confederation
the aim was to resist white advance and defend ancestral land after the treaty of Fort Wayne, an 1809 agreement requiring Indiana tribes to sell 3 million acres of lands to the US governments
Tecumseh’s success
was highly respected by the US and British- strong leader and brave
had some success uniting northern tribes
Tecumseh’s failures
when he was travelling south to meet the 5 civilised tribes- cherokee
William Harrison attacked Prophetstown
the prophet retaliated and attacked William Harrisons camp
what was prophetstown
shawnee main settlement
who was William Harrison
governor of Mississippi territory
when did William Harrison attack prophets town
1811
William Harrisons attack 1811 on prophets town
William Harrison attacked with a force of 1,000 men destroying food sources for winter and burnt it to the ground 1811
end of Tecumseh’s life
Tecumseh fled to canada and fought with the British in the war of 1812
he was killed in battle of 1813
his dream of unity died with him
it marked the end of the attempt to resist the settlers advance
the war of 1812 6
- end of the war 1812 was a turning point for native americans
- during the war native Americans fought on the British side to defend their native lands
- although the treaty called for an end to the war with native Americans, British military withdrew, leaving the American frontier open for conquest
- eastern tribes were driven west onto reservations
- Andrew Jackson defeated the creat at Horse-shoe bend, Alabama. the creeks gave up 2/3 of their land in the treaty of fort Jackson
- after the war native Americans lost their British allies. many tribes conceded lands signing treaties in the face of bribes and threats
when were the three seminole wars
1816 -1858
when was the first seminole war
1816-1819
the first seminole war
American forces under Jackson invaded west and spanish Florida. Spain ceded Florida to the us
in 1823 the seminole tribes were required to leave northern settlers and settle in reservations in central america
when was the second seminole war
1835-1842
the second seminole war 4
- americans order seminole tribes to leave Florida completely under the treaty of Payne’s landing 1832
- their leader Osceloa led the tribe against the Americans using guerrilla warfare tactics to frustrate American forces
- in response the Americans destroyed farms and villages-change of tactics which resulted in the deaths of many seminole
- those remaining seminole probably some 3,000 were moved to lands that eventually became Oklahoma
when was the third seminole war
1855-1858
the third seminole war 3
- americans drove out the last few seminole from Florida there were a few that had managed to avoid the original forced move to Oklahoma
- america government had prompted conflict by sending out scouting parties to enrich on seminole land. they cut off food supplies to the seminole which forced them to move to Oklahoma
- a few seminole remained in the tropical wetlands of Everglade situated in the south
when was the Indian removal act
1830
what was the Indian removal act 1830 11
- passed congress and president Andrew Jackson
- congress gave Jackson money and power to remove native Americans from eastern lands to west
- great American desert - unsuitable for white settlement
- land was meant to be theirs forever
- government was meant to provide assistance and compensation
- northerners opposed settlement - inhumane
- southerners and settlers though native Americans were an obstacle to progress
- president Jackson argued moving was in Native American interest to be free of white corruption and cons
- land in Kansas and oklahoma
- 94 treaties with tribes in 5 years
- 1835 Jackson said policy was nearly completed
the trail of tears8
- indian removal act 1830 meant the Cherokee lost 90% of native lands
- in 1831 the Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court to relieve moving pressures
- although they won their case and were entitled to protection Jackson didnt enforce this
- georgia leaders said Cherokee claim to land was invalid preventing them from testifying in court against whites
- unofficially a few Cherokee agreed to the treaty of new echota 1835 which gave up 8 million acres of land in return for lands in the west - the treaty party
- only 2,000 members moved leaving 15,000 in east
- in 1838 they were forcibly removed by us troops 4,000 Cherokee died in camps through disease and pneumonia
- 1/3 died enroute to Kansas and Oklahoma
Great Sioux War 1874 - why did it start
-fighting between Sioux Indians as white settlers and the us governments offered to negotiate a peace treaty with the Sioux which the great Sioux reservation would allow the tribe to keep lands
Great Sioux War 1874- what happened
the first Laramie treaty of 1868 set aside 2.5 million acres for the Sioux
additionally the government built military forts across the Great Plains in an effort to protect minors and white settlers from Indians living off the reservations
1863-1864 Cheyenne Uprising/Colorado War
why did it start
the Cheyenne has agreed to move onto sand creek reservation however the land was poor and difficult to grow crops and food
1863-1864 Cheyenne Uprising/Colorado War
what happened
this caused the Cheyenne attacked wagons to find food
us troops retaliated which resulted in the sand creek massacre
The impacts of the Civil War - 5
- government made promises to ensure native americans were fed but these promises were rarely kept
- due to this many native americans were driven by hunger rose up against the government and this resulted in the plains war from 1862-1868
- troops had been removed from plains. trading had usually taken place but replacements weren’t disciplined
- resulted in violence- serious incidents like Sand Creek Massacre 1864 and Wounded Knee 1890 Massacre
1862 Little Crows War/ Dakota War -why it happened
-passing of the Indian appropriation act of 1861 which authorised in modern day Oklahoma along with the failure of the government to provide sufficient food to the Sioux tribes as their crops failed due to cutworm
1862 Little Crows War/ Dakota War - what happened 3
- led to violence and killing of over 700 settlers and the arrival of us forces.
- many Sioux were captured or sentenced to death but president Lincoln reduced punishment for many
- these remaining Sioux were moved new reservation in crow creek on the Missouri River. conditions here were incredibly harsh and estimated 400 natives died during the first winter
1866-1868 Red Clouds War 3 why it happened
- gold discovered in the mountains of Montana prompted this conflict
- new towns such as Virginia city were developed and new trails crossed Sioux land used for hunting grounds
- broke an existing peace treaty with the government
1866-1868 Red Clouds War what happened
- red cloud led the Sioux in a successful war against the us during this war Fetterman Massacre 1866 occurred in which 80 US calvary troopers died
- government built forts along the trail but tried to hold peace talks
- red cloud was incredibly successful in leading many Sioux bands and waging the campaign through the winter
1866-1868 Red Clouds War consequences
- government finally admitted defeat in 1868 and changed its policy
- a different route to the mining areas was opened 2nd treaty of fort Laramie was signed which forbade non native americans from entering new Sioux reservation act
- red cloud accepted the treaty but sitting bull and crazy horse were not accepting and adopted a more militant approach towards settlers
Bureau of Indian Affairs 8
- established in 1824 by Secretary of war John C Calhoum
- role to over see the treaty negotiations with Native Americans and to manage education and trade
- removed tribes to the west beyond the Mississippi River
- made and carried out government policy
- made policies for native americans boarding schools
- 1849 moved Department of War to being Department of the Interior
- hoped to protect native americans through reservation policy - disrupted by the civil war
- civilised native americans through reservation policy- disrupted by the civil war
treaties and reservation policies 10
- Treaties ‘guaranteed’ NA control of ancestral land and land to which they were removed
- Proved worthless as gov was unwilling to stop white settlers moving west
- Treaties established reservations
- Reservation policy began in the 1860’s
- Indian Appropriation Act 1861 forced NA onto reservations – viewed by US gov as the best way to achieve assimilation
- Initially boundaries were negotiated, eventually imposed
- Restricted ability to hunt. Threatened their whole way of life
- Given assurances they would be provided with food and supplies
- Made tribes dependent on gov supplies
- Agreements were compromised during the Civil War
year of the Fort Laramie Treaty
1851
Tribe for the Fort Laramie Treaty
arapaho, Cheyenne, sioux
details of the fort Laramie treaty
met at horse creek, government policy of concentration. each nation to have defined hunting grounds cleared for settlers. land given to native Americans eg black hills to Sioux
year of fort wise treaty
1861
tribe for fort wise treaty
arapaho, Cheyenne
details of fort wise treaty
under this treaty tribal lands were reduced to less than 4 million acres
date of the medicine lodge treaty
1867
tribe for medicine lodge treaty
comanche, kiowa, Plains Apache
details for medicine lodge treaty
southern plains tribes agree to move to Oklahoma
date for the 2nd fort Laramie treaty
1868
tribe for 2nd fort Laramie treaty
arapaho, Lakota and sioux
details of 2nd fort Laramie
red cloud realised he couldn’t permanently defeat the government Sioux agreed to move to smaller reservation. us government agreed to provide food and medicine
what went wrong with Little Big Horn 4
- February 1876 US army ordered to kill any Sioux outside the reservation
- general Sheridan devised a plan where there were 3 separate columns led by general crook, colonel gibbon and general Terry would trap the Sioux
- however no effective communications
- thought there were 800 native Americans but there were 2,000
the significance of the Bozeman Trail 9
- new mining route which broke off the Oregon Trail to save time for settlers
- passed through Sioux land agreed in previous treaties
- US government ordered the army to begin building forts along the trail
- Red cloud broke of peace talks in 1866
- sioux wiped out the detachment of 80 soldiers fettermans trap
- army had superior artillery but Sioux lay sieged on the forts keeping army on a defensive
- red cloud kept together a force of several Sioux bans and allies in Cheyenne and Arapaho
- government agreed to 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty and Great Sioux reservation
- trails and forts were abandoned and a new route was found - short-term red cloud victory
The Great Sioux War 16
- preceded by 2nd Fort Laramie Treaty
- Red Cloud agreed to go onto Great Sioux Reservation
- treaty forbade non native Americans from entering
- not all Sioux accepted the treaty- Sitting Bull/Hunkapa Lakota Chief
- president Grant (president in 1869) peace policy established a new board on Indian Commissioners to supervise condition to please humanitarians
- appointed Native American ‘friend’ as head of BoLC
- reservation wasnt receiving provisions promised
- lack of wildlife made confinement difficult
- difficult to keep settlers off
- 1874 Colonel Custer led an expedition into Black Hills to protect railways
- Gold was reported and US army was unable to protect thousands of miners who went to the Black Hills
- government unwilling to stop them-Sioux attackedminers
- to aggravate the reservation hadn’t received suppilies and northern pacific railroad construction was a fear
- us government offered to buy Black Hills for 6 million but it was sacred and Native Americans believed land couldn’t be bought
- offer rejected Sioux ordered to return to reservation in December 1875 but couldn’t due to the winter
- February 1876 Army was instructed to treat all Sioux outside the reservation as hostile
what were the consequence of Custer’s defeat 16
- news of the defeat reached public on 4th July
- US army and President Grant wanted to avenge it
- size of the Great Sioux Reservation was reduced
- Sioux outside were starved forced onto reservation
- Government fully supported the campaign
- new forts were built
- 2500 reinforcements sent west
- native Americans pursued throughout winter
- warriors couldn’t protect women and child while fighting
- natives short of ammunition, food and supplies
- autumn 1876 most bands were on the reservation
- May 5th 1877 Crazy horse surrendered and murdered before trail
- Sitting Bull escaped to Canada involved in the Ghost Dance Movement and shot in 1890
- Sioux forced the sell Black Hills, Powder River country and Big Horn Mountains
- weapons and horses taken couldn’t resits collectively
- split into smaller reservations under military rule
why was the Dawes Act 1887 established
-placing native americans onto reservations ensured tribal life would continue despite the government wanting to destroy this as they were able to maintain some customs and culture
what did the Dawes act 1887 do
divided reservations into allotments for individual Native Americans
under the Dawes act 1887 how much land was the head of the family given
160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land
under the Dawes act 1887 how much land was a single male given
80 acres
what were the consequences of the Dawes Act 1887 7
- gave native americans full rights of citizenship after 25years but they now paid tax so didnt want it
- undermined belief land couldn’t be owned and social hierarchy in tribes
- native americans couldn’t manage the money from land sales and often fell into debt and poverty
- unssuccesful at assimilating only destroyed native American life, many resisted
- Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 showed lack of assimilation
- Government policies destroyed their way on life 100,000 remained from 250,000 on the Great Plains
- Dawes Act amend in 1898 by Curtis Act abolishing 5 civilised tribes
why did the wounded knee 1890 occur
-Because forced assimilation had nearly destroyed Native American culture, some tribal leaders attempted to reassert their sovereignty and invent new spiritual traditions.
=The most significant of these was the Ghost Dance, pioneered by Wovoka, a shaman of the Northern Paiute tribe.
what happened Wounded Knee 1890
The massacre at Wounded Knee, during which soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry Regiment indiscriminately slaughtered hundreds of Sioux men, women, and children, marked the definitive end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers.
