Native Ameicans Flashcards
Westward expansion
1865 white settlers encouraged to populate Great Plains where NA lived
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876
Reduced land of great Sioux
Fort Laramie treaty
1868
Sioux tribe
Wounded knee
1890
Sioux starving Indians 200 killed
Navajo tribe
1867 relocated to 4 mill acres of reservation land
15,000 sheep and goats from gov grown to 1.7 mill
Their lands grew to 10.5 mill acres and population grew to 22,000
Dawes act
1887
Of the 150 mill reservation land only 78 mill remained
Got ownership of land and citizenship
Many couldn’t farm land got into debt and sold to whites - unable to deal w money then
Land to male vs their matriarchy
Curtis act
1898
Termination of rights of 5 tribes to be self governing
Muskogee convention
1905
Conference of 5 tribe to discuss constitution for separate state of sequoyah
Their lands become under this instead
By 1900 how many Indians who inhabited plains in 1965 were left
100,000 of 240,000
Lone wolf v Hitchcock
1903
Powered gov to revoke all treaties made with NA tribes
And Not citizens of the United States, and therefore had no rights
Society of American Indians SAI
1911
50 educated Indian men’s Dm women joined to form
Inter tribal pressure group to improve education and health care
Limited and shortage of funds to challenge discrimination in courts and lack of support from Indians and collapsed by 1920s
Divisions internally in it most for assimilation some not
Ww1
Assimilation ?
10,000 men faught with whites
Women worked outside reservations
Some families sponsored to move out reservations and work in defence industries
Indian citizenship act
1924
This citizenship not their goal part of assimilation but looks like a good outcome of ww1
All could vote
Harrison v. Laveen
1948
2 NA rights been violated when not allowed to register to vote
Court decided in favour tho but some states still restricted voting rights of Indians with qualifications
American Indian defender association AIDA
1923
Campaigned for laws protecting the rights of Indians and to there lands beliefs cultures traditions and arts and crafts
John collier
Success - Blocked bursam and leavitt bills
Leavitt bill
1921 and 23
Dance order
Prohibited right of pueblo Indians from performing dances
Bursam bill
1921
Pueblo Indians lost land as incapable of managing it according to Supreme Court
Meriam report
1928
Forced assimilation bleak picture
Condemned allotment policy of Dawes act
New Indian commissioner appointed in response to Mariam report
Hoover appointed Charles rhoads
To reform things suggested in report
Boarding Schools shut and improved medical
Great Depression impact
1929
Hoover increased fed aid to improve their lives still and continued during Roosevelt
Wheeler Howard act / Indian new deal
1934
Indian reorganisation act
Indians to have more influence and involvement in administration of reservations but their rights to practice their own religion and assert cultural identity protected
Curtailed sale of Indian lands to individual buyers and land lost between 1900-30 restored to tribes to expand reservations
Due to John collier as commissioner for Indians affairs
But limited as assimilation commitment continued, fed funds not sufficient to buy back all land and NA unsure on full self determination as afraid of losing land earned again
But culture populations health education all improved overall
National congress of American Indians NCAI
1944 outcome of ww2
NA united
To end reservations
Challenge discrimination in employment
Unequal education
And breaking out treaties
Beginning of Indian protest movement
1948 what did the bureau of Indian affairs do
Set up job placement centres in major cities in the west for off reservation Indians - become urbanised
Indian claims commission(icc)
1946-78
Congress set up
Means which they would regain the lands given to them in treaties earlier
But little help as more gave financial compensation rather than the return of land
Continuity in gov policy as further assimilation
Termination
1953
Ended recognition of the existence of tribes and treaty rights and recognised them as independent self supporting Americans. Ended fed control of bureau of Indian affairs and Indians subject to same laws and rights as all other Americans
Set to end reservations and advertised comfortable housing and devises outside reservations with a voluntary relocation programme established
Indian vocational training act
1956
Intended to improve employment prospects if Indians by providing work related training
Fed funded for those that applied
End of termination
1968
Negative affects
Highest rates of illiteracy, of disease and unemployment and poorest accommodation
Nixon ends
The forgotten Americans
1968
L. Johnson promotes Indian self help and respect
Funded programme of education for children all ages
Provided better quality homes with sanitation and legal aid to help them understand there rights
Urbanisation
By 1960
60,000 left reservations to cities
Traumatic only some women ok due to marrying whites and they had more job opportunities in clerical field
Affirmative action benefits
1968 Johnson and continued by Nixon 70s
Prohibited discrimination of ethnicity to jobs in fed funded enterprises
1960s situation
25% classified as poor
40-70 % forced to move back to reservations as poor housing in towns
500,000 Lands lost in Oregon and Wisconsin tribes
National Indian youth council
1961
Protest against injustices experienced by Indians
More militancy grew
War on poverty
Johnson’s
1964 100s gathered in Washington DC to recognise
60s saw unite in protest
And frustration w NCAI slow action thro courts
Red power
1968 protest stronger
As long as the grass shall grow song and see brown raised awareness of NA in book
Fish in held after state sc failed to uphold their treaty rights to fish in Washington
AIM established the most militant organisation against discrimination against the young Na and patrolled streets in red berets monitoring police activity which decreased arrest of a young
Siege of Alcatraz
1969
14 occupied former prison land of Alcatraz which used to belong to ohlone Indians
Led by Richard Oakes and nordwell
Offered gov 24 dollars for it and when refused 80 joined island
Ended 1971 after receiving media coverage and led to further occupying of fed lands and disobeying fishing regulations
8 th July 1970
Nixon presidential message to congress criticised treatment of NA since mid 19th c
Ended termination which was criticised and ne form policy made
