Nationalist Thinkers

Question 1

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Liberal)

Answer 1

General will – that government should be based on the indivisible collective will of the ‘community’ and that nations have the right to govern themselves
Civic nationalism – where the state is legitimate because it is based on the active participation of its citizens

Question 2

Johann Gottfried von Herder (Conservative)

Answer 2

Cultural nationalism – suggested that every nation was different, and that every nation had its own unique cultural character
Volk – identified the Volk (the people) as the root of national culture and special nature (Volksgeist), which each nation should try to express

Question 3

Giuseppe Mazzini (Liberal)

Answer 3

Nationhood – believed that humans could express themselves only via their nation and that human freedom rested on the creation of one’s own nation-state
‘Action’ – rejected intellectualism and rationalism, and created an idea known as ‘thought and action’

Question 4

Marcus Garvey (Anti/post-colonial)

Answer 4

Black pride – encouraged African people to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind.
Pan-Africanism – that African people, in every part of the world, were one people and that they would never progress if they did not put aside their cultural and ethnic differences

Question 5

Charles Maurras (Chauvinist/expansionist)

Answer 5

Integral nationalism – an intensely emotional form of nationalism where individuals were encouraged to submerge themselves into their nation
Militarism – integral nationalism encourages nations to have a strong military ethos