Nationalism, Unification, and Reform

Question 1

What caused The Crimean war?

Answer 1

The result of a long-term struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire had long controlled most of the Balkans in southeastern Europe. By 1800, however, the Ottoman Empire was in decline.

Question 2

What was Russian interest before the Crimean war?

Answer 2

Russia was especially interested in expanding its power into Ottoman lands in the Balkans. This expansion would allow Russian ships to sail through the Dardanelles, the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. If Russia could achieve this goal, it would become the major power in eastern Europe and challenge British naval control of the eastern Mediterranean.

Question 3

How did the Crimean war started?

Answer 3

In 1853, Russia ivaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Turks declared war. Great Britain and France declared war to Russia next year. There were not so many fights. Russia started to look for peace.

Question 4

How did the Crimean war came to an end?

Answer 4

By the Treaty of Paris, signed in March 1856, Russia agreed to allow Moldavia and Walachia to be placed under the protection of all the great powers.

Question 5

What led to the German and Italian unification?

Answer 5

Austria did not supported Russia in the Crimean war, so they became enemies. Austria was interested on the Balkans, so now it had no friends from the great powers. This opened the door for the unifications.

Question 6

Which state was searching for unification in Italy?

Answer 6

Piedmont.

Question 7

Who was the ruler of the kingdom of Piedmont in the 1849?

Answer 7

King Victor Emmanuel II.

Question 8

Who was the prime minister of Piedmont 1852 and what did he do?

Answer 8

Camilo di Cavour. Cavour pursued a policy of economic growth in order to equip a large army. Cavour, however, knew that Piedmont’s army was not strong enough to defeat the Austrians. So he made an alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon. Cavour then provoked the Austrians into declaring war in 1859.

Question 9

Who declared war to Piedmont due to Camilo´s union with France?

Answer 9

Austria.

Question 10

How did the war of 1859 between Piedmont-France and Austria ended.

Answer 10

Following that conflict, a peace settlement gave Nice and Savoy to the French. Lombardy, which had been under Austrian control, was given to Piedmont. Austria retained control of Venetia. Cavour’s success caused nationalists in other Italian states (Parma, Modena, and Tuscany) to overthrow their governments and join their states to Piedmont.

Question 11

Who raised an army of around 1000 volunteers in southern Italy?

Answer 11

Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was an Italian patriot.

Question 12

Where did Garibaldi´s army intervented when it was revolting against it´s king?

Answer 12

Sicily.

Question 13

How did the Garibaldi-Sicily conflict ended?

Answer 13

By the end of July 1860, Garibaldi controlled most of the island. In August, Garibaldi’s forces crossed over to the mainland and began a victorious march up the Italian Peninsula. The entire Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fell in early September.

Question 14

Where did Garibaldi turned his conquest to after the Sicilies?

Answer 14

To Piedmont.

Question 15

What happen 1861 in Italy? (new state)

Answer 15

Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed a new Italian state. (part of Italy - unification process).

Question 16

What was a conflict for Italian unification after 1861?

Answer 16

The task of unification was not yet complete, however. Austria still held Venetia in the north; and Rome was under the control of the pope, supported by French troops.

Question 17

Explain how was Italian unification gained.

Answer 17

The Italians gained control of Venetia as a result of supporting Prussia in a war between Austria and Prussia. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, French troops withdrew from Rome. Their withdrawal enabled the Italian army to annex Rome on September 20, 1870. Rome became the capital of the new European state.

Question 18

Who did Germany looked for leadership in the German unification? (WHICH STATE)

Answer 18

Prussia, because of its strength and militarism.

Question 19

Who tried to enlarge the Prussian army in 1860s?

Answer 19

King William I tried to enlarge the Prussian army. When the Prussian legislature refused to levy new taxes for the proposed changes, William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck.

Bismarck would do what he wanted to do. He governed Prussia without the permission of the parliament.

Question 20

Prussia organized the _ around 1866.

Answer 20

North German Confederation.

Question 21

South German feared…

Answer 21

Prussia and France.

Question 22

What conflict happened in 1870 between Prussia and France?

Answer 22

The Franco-Prussian war. This was caused by the trial of Spain control. Prussia wanted to put as a king of Spain a person who was relative to the Prussian king.

Question 23

How did the Franco-Prussian war developed?

Answer 23

Prussia captured French army and king (Napoleon III). After a treaty was signed, were France promised money, and two lands to the new German state.

Question 24

What happened between North and Souther German in 1871? (German unification achievment)

Answer 24

Southern Germany invaded Northern Germany, and the Second German Empire was established. William I was proclaimed kaiser (emperor).

Question 25

What did Napoleon asked to the people through votes?

Answer 25

If they wanted to restore the empire. He asked through a plebiscite (popular vote), and he crowned himself emperor Napoleon III.

Question 26

How was Napoleon III´s government?

Answer 26

Authoritarian. Napoleon III controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service. Only he could introduce legislation and declare war. The Legislative Corps gave an appearance of representative government, because the members of the group were elected by universal male suffrage for six-year terms. However, they could neither initiate legislation nor affect the budget.

Napoleon III completely controlled the government and limited civil liberties. To distract the public from their loss of political freedom, he focused on expanding the economy. Government subsidies helped foster the rapid construction of railroads, harbors, roads, and canals.

In the midst of this economic expansion, Napoleon III also carried out a vast rebuilding of the city of Paris. The old Paris of narrow streets and walls was replaced by a modern Paris of broad boulevards, spacious buildings, public squares, an underground sewage system, a new public water supply system, and gaslights.

Question 27

What happen in 1860 with Napoleon III´s government?

Answer 27

pposition to some of Napoleon’s economic and governmental policies arose. In response, Napoleon III began to liberalize his regime (government in power).

For example, he gave the legislature more power.

Question 28

What happen to France after people proests against Napoleon III?

Answer 28

The regime didn´t last for long because france lost the Franco-Prussian war.

Question 29

What was the problem in Austria?

Answer 29

The Austrian Empire was a multinational empire that had been able to frustrate the desire of its ethnic groups for independence.

Question 30

What rule had Austria after 1849?

Answer 30

Centralized, autocratic government.

Question 31

What was the compromise of 1867? (Austria)

Answer 31

created the dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Each of these two components of the empire now had its own constitution, its own legislature, its own government bureaucracy, and its own capital (Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary). Holding the two states together were a single monarch—Francis Joseph was emperor of Austria and king of Hungary—and a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances.

Question 32

Who made reforms to make Russia a state seen as powerful?

Answer 32

Czar Alexander II.

Question 33

What was the largest problem in Russia? How was it solved?

Answer 33

Serfdom. Alexander issued an emancipation (the act of setting free) edict, which freed all the slaves.

Question 34

How did the new land system worked?

Answer 34

Peasants could now own property. The government provided land for the peasants by buying it from the landlords. The new land system, however, was not very helpful to the peasants. The landowners often kept the best lands for themselves. The Russian peasants had little good land to support themselves. Emancipation, then, led not to a free, landowning peasantry but to an unhappy, land-starved peasantry that followed old ways of farming.

Question 35

Mention the other reform tryouts?

Answer 35

Alexander II attempted other reforms as well, but he could please no one. Reformers wanted more changes, but conservatives thought that the czar was destroying Russia’s basic institutions. When radicals assassinated Alexander II in 1881, his son, Alexander III, turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression.

Question 36

What did the USA´s constitution commited the country?

Answer 36

To liberalism and nationalism.

Question 37

What were the two forces that condemned liberalism and nationalism?

Answer 37

The Federalists favored a strong central government. The Republicans wanted the federal government to be subordinate to the state governments.

Question 38

What was the problem in 18th century USA?

Answer 38

Slavery. By the mid-nineteenth century, slavery had become a threat to American unity. Four million enslaved African Americans were in the South by 1860, compared with one million in 1800.

Question 39

Explain American fight for the civil rights.

Answer 39

The South’s economy was based on growing cotton on plantations, chiefly by slave labor. The South was determined to maintain the cotton-economy and plantation-based slavery. Abolitionism, a movement to end slavery, arose in the North and challenged the Southern way of life. As opinions over slavery grew more divided, compromise became less possible. Abraham Lincoln said in a speech in 1858 that “this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” When Lincoln was elected president in November 1860, war became certain. In April, fighting erupted between North and South—the Union and the Confederacy.

The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a bloody struggle. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declared most of the nation’s enslaved people “forever free.” The Confederate forces surrendered on April 9, 1865. The United States remained united, “one nation, indivisible.”