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Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the term “nation” come from?

A

The Latin language and means a people who share a common circumstances of birth

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2
Q

Where does the nation of Israel originate from?

A

People who trace their ancestry back to a single individual (Abraham)

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3
Q

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau interested in?

A

He was interested in how political communities come about.

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4
Q

What did John Locke suggest where national identity came from?

A

Often emerged from people who had been subjected to rule by a foreign power and who yearned for freedom.

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5
Q

What was conservative nationalism concerned with?

A

Concerned with uniting peoples strong cultural entities. This was a organic form of nationalism

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6
Q

What did Disraeli stress regarding conservative nationalism?

A

He stressed the organic nature of the British nation and saw this collective identity as a way of transcending class divisions - also known as “one-nationism”

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7
Q

What did Johann Herder believe?

A

He wrote about German nationalism, referring back to German mythology - characterised as cultural nationalism.

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8
Q

What did Johann Herders “volkgiest” mean?

A

Refers to the spirit that binds a people together - based on language, culture, shared history or intellectual superiority.

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9
Q

What are some of the common identities associated with nationality?

A
  • language
  • religion
  • culture
  • ethnicity
  • geography
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10
Q

When was Von Herder alive?

A

1744-1803

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11
Q

What was Johann Gottfired Von Herder’s main principle?

A
  • the role of language in society
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12
Q

To Herder what was the world naturally?

A

The world was naturally divided into nations, each one of which was defined by its own distinctive culture

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13
Q

What was the quote from Herder regarding language? What book was it from?

A

“The best culture of a people cannot be expressed through a foreign language, it thrives on the soil of a nation most beautifully” - treatise on the origin of language, 1772.

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14
Q

For modern cultural nationalists what had language become?

A

The defence and preservation of a threatened language has become a key element in national aspiration - e.g. Catalans

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15
Q

What did Herder believe regarding liberalism and nationalism? And why?

A

He argued that the fixed ideas of liberalism should not be applied to national movements. Because every national group of “volk” was distinctive and developed its own values

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16
Q

What is cultural nationalism?

A

kind of collective identity that relates to the organic unity of the nation

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17
Q

What are the two forms of cultural nationalism?

A
  • liberal idea

- conservative idea

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18
Q

Where does liberal cultural nationalism flourish most?

A

Among people who feel that their distinctive culture is threatened by a more dominant culture. E.g. welsh nationalism - they don’t seek independence from the UK but wish to see their language protected.

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19
Q

What does the ultra conservative form of cultural nationalism believe?

A
  • they want to see the culture strengthened, believing that their culture is superior than others. E.g. Hitler
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20
Q

What is racialism? I

A

Refers to the belief that racial distinctions are the most important form of national identity.

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21
Q

What does nativism suggest?

A

That the original race that occupied a territory should be favoured, politically and economically, over racial groups that arrived later.

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22
Q

What is racism?

A

When a racial group feels superior to others, translating into prejudice and discrimination. E.g. South Africa under the apartheid regime.

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23
Q

What is a nation state?

A

The concept of the nation state joins together the idea of statehood and the reality of collective national identity. While the state is a political entity - a political system which enjoys sovereignty and equal status with other states- the nation is a social reality, based on such collective consciousness such as language.

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24
Q

What is an example of that not all states are nations or that all nations are states?

A

The UK - it contains wales, Scotland and NI

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25
Q

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s best known work called?

A

Social contract

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26
Q

What was Rousseau mostly concerned with?

A

How political communities are created - how people might form themselves into units which would be capable of remaining united.

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27
Q

In Rousseaus book “considerations on the government of Poland” what did he write?

A

He wrote that Poland would create a new kind of state, held together by patriotism, reinforced by education and establishing a democratic form of representative government.

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28
Q

For Rousseau what did nationalism go hand in hand with?

A

Freedom and good government.

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29
Q

What is patriotism?

A

Strong sense of attachment to and pride in the Tate in which one lives. Where the nation and state are closely allied it also refers to national pride.

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30
Q

What is the weakness of national identity replaced with?

A

A strong sense of patriotism towards the state.

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31
Q

What is civic nationalism?

A

Claim to national identity is less important than the people’s pride in the political institutions of the state

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32
Q

What are the two main elements of Liberal internationalism?

A
  • liberal democratic form of the state is intrinsically desirable and that it should be promoted where ever possible
  • the most successful way of establishing and protecting liberal democratic values is through international cooperation. E.g. the EU
33
Q

What do socialist internationalists see class as?

A

As the only valid vehicle for collectivist action against the proletariat class, as the working class share a common identity

34
Q

What do socialist nationalists seek in the economy?

A

They seek to synthesise nationalism and socialism - working together. E.g. Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe sought to establish socialism in their countries in order to combat international capitalist imperialism.

35
Q

What is nativism?

A

Refers to the beliefs held by the indigenous or original population of a country have a superior claim to nationalists than groups who have arrived more recently.

36
Q

What are the arguments suggesting that nationalism is mainly a progressive force?

A
  • liberal democracy = establishing the principles of democracy.
  • liberal and socialist nationalists believe that it can be a force for progress, by uniting people around common values.
37
Q

What are the arguments suggesting that nationalism is seen as a regressive force?

A
  • conservative nationalists often seek to recreate the past - preventing further development
  • conservative nationalism is often xenophobic and so sacrifices progress in favour of militarism and isolationism
  • can often exclude racial groups
  • rise of nativism threatens trade
38
Q

What did Mazzini try and do?

A

He wanted to overthrow the hereditary monarchies that dominated the fragmented Italian peninsula and to replace that with a united Italy.

39
Q

What did Mazzini form of nationalism become known as?

A

Republicanism

40
Q

Where did Mazzini get his inspiration from?

A

The classical Roman republic

41
Q

Why was Mazzini called a romantic nationalist?

A

He saw the forces that bind people together as being spiritual in nature.

42
Q

What did Mazzini believe regarding individual liberty?

A

He believed that individual liberty should not interfere with the aims of nationalism.

43
Q

What were the principles of liberal nationalism?

A
  • all recognisable nations are entitled to form a state if they wish
  • the nation state must be based on the self determination of its people, i.e. their right to form a government of their own choosing.
  • each state should recognise the right to other free states to exist in peace with them and should not interfere with their internal affairs
  • all nation states should have equal status in the world order
44
Q

What is Civic nationalism?

A

This is a sense of shared national pride in the values of a nation. In most liberal democracies these are typically tolerance, love. Of liberty and equality between all groups and individuals.

45
Q

What is liberal internationalism?

A
  • this is the principle that each nation should respect the values and sovereignty of other nations provided they do not pose a direct threat to other nations.
46
Q

In the 19th century why were conservative nationalists suspicious of liberal nationalism?

A

They feared that liberal nationalism would lead to the destruction of traditional forms of authority - such as the church.

47
Q

When was Charles Maurras around? What was Charles Maurras described as?

A

1868 - 1952

A right wing nationalist

48
Q

What was Charles Maurras’s book called? And what did it support?

A

Action Francaise, a pro-monarchy, anti Semitic and anti democratic.

49
Q

What did Maurass believe caused Frances loss in greatness?

A

As a result of its abandonment of hereditary monarchy, its separation of church and state and its excessive attachment to democracy.

50
Q

What did Maurras believe regarding the state and church?

A

He believed that the state and Catholic Church should be united.

51
Q

What was Maurras an admirer of?and what did he believe caused the decline in France’s fortunes?

A

Fascism. He blamed the Jews for the decline

52
Q

What type of state did Maurras believe in?

A

A strong authoritarian state

53
Q

What did maurass oppose?

A

The French Revolution

54
Q

What 3 principles did maurass reject in the French Revolution?

A
  • believed that excessive freedom had led to a lack of respect for the state
  • equality had given too much power to the ignorant masses
  • fraternity had led French people to become too close to inferior peoples.
55
Q

What did Maurass want to reinstate?

A

Pre-revolutionary France where the monarch and church imposed discipline upon the people and democracy had a very limited scope.

56
Q

What was the type of nationalism proposed by Maurrass? And what did it propose?

A

Integral nationalism - accepts no collective identity above the nation and demands the peoples complete obedience to the ideals of the nation.

57
Q

How is fascism different to conservative nationalism?

A

It advocates the complete subjugation of the individual to the will of the governing party of the state

58
Q

What did Hitler see himself as? What did this lead to?

A

The volksgeist of the German nation, this lead to a leadership cult.

59
Q

Why did socialist regimes support nationalist movements?

A

They were aware that the danger that having removed their colonial master, they might fall prey to international capitalism and the so - called economic imperialism of multinationals

60
Q

What did socialism also contribute to nationalist movements?

A

It destroyed the local elites left behind by colonial administrations.

61
Q

What is an example of socialism and nationalism together?

A

Robert Mugabe - Zimbabwe

62
Q

What do dictators try and do?

A

They try and be a cult leader, where the ruler seeks to create a national identity around them by possessing the “spirit of the nation” or “volkgiest”

63
Q

What forms of expansionist nationalism have taken place?

A
  • imperialism
  • pan-nationalism (unite people who are spread among many states)
  • militarism (rekindle past glories of the nation to inspire)
  • Chauvinism
  • racial conquest
64
Q

What is chauvinism?

A

Exaggerated form of patriotism and national pride sees one nation as superior to all others

65
Q

What are arguments that conservative nationalism is expansionist by nature?

A
  • many conservative nationalist movements have practiced imperialism.
  • they have often used militarism and conquest to create a strong sense of national unity
  • it revolves around racial or cultural superiority, inevitably other states will emerge, leading to conflict and the need to protect ones borders through domination of neighbouring states
66
Q

What are the arguments that conservative nationalism is NOT expansionist in nature?

A
  • nativism is the opposite of expansionist - it is isolationist
  • moderate conservative nationalists are also usually democrats and respect the independence of other nations.
  • globalisation has removed the need for national expansion and conquest, this has been replaced by economic competition
67
Q

Who introduced black nationalism?

A

Jamaican, Marcus Garvey

68
Q

What did black nationalism look to do?

A

Looked to the common ancestry of all black people and sought to foster a sense of nationalism among them

69
Q

What did malcom X do?

A

He divided the world into 2 races - black and white, and saw blacks as superior and pre-dating the white race.

70
Q

What did Marcus Garvey believe?

A

He believed that the African people were one single race who had been scattered by slavery and divided within Africa itself by colonialism.

71
Q

What is Garveyism?

A

The belief that uniting black people would be able to other-throw colonial powerhouses and create a new free and united Africa.

72
Q

What was the speech called that Marcus Garvey expressed Garveyism?

A

Message to the people

73
Q

What country did Garvey have a focal point around and why?

A

Ethiopia - as it was the original breeding ground for human society.

74
Q

Which country did Garvey revolve his interest around? And why?

A

Ethiopia - as it was the original breeding ground for human society

75
Q

Arguments that suggest there is a close link between race and nationalism?

A
  • most nations claim some kind of ethnic identity
  • racial identity has been the binding force behind many radical nationalist movements
  • many nations trace their history back to a single ancestor or groups of ancestors, notably Italians (romans)
76
Q

Arguments that suggest that nationalism and race are not linked?

A
  • many nations are not derived from a single ethnic group
  • even where common ethnicity is relevant it has little impact on most nationalist movements
  • liberal nationalists in particular are less interested in race and culture than in shared values, and base their nationalism on the idea of liberty rather than organic unity
77
Q

What are some of the tensions within nationalism?

A
  • rational versus romantic nationalism
  • progressive versus regressive nationalism
  • inclusive versus exclusive nationalism
  • expansionist nationalist versus nativism
  • liberal versus conservative nationalism
  • racialism versus multiculturalism
  • nationalism vs internationalism
78
Q

What is nativism?

A

Form of nationalism which distinguishes between the “native” population of a country and immigrant groups which have arrived more recently. Demand to curb immigration and introduce economic policies that ensure the economic wellbeing of native groups.

Political Ideologies (3 decks)

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