Nationalism 1850-1914 Flashcards
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon III
r. 1848-1870
Napoleon I’s nephew, proclaimed himself as Emperor Napoleon III, in the end granted a new constitution w/ parliament and hereditary emperor
know story (edit card)
plebiscite
a direct vote
ex. Napoleon III elected w/ 97% vote
Georges Haussmann
authoritarian planner put in charge of Paris, rebuilt the city 1850-1870
FR Third Republic
proclaimed by patriotic republicans, starved into submission by German armies
FR Paris Commune
proclaimed by radical Parisians, wanted to govern Paris without interference from conservative countryside, crushed by National Assembly
FR Dreyfus Affair
case in which Alfred Dreyfus (Jewish captain in French army) was falsely accused and convicted of treason. CC and anti-Semites against Dreyfus. Declared innocent. France severed all ties between CC and state.
FR National Assembly
increasingly republican, majority of conservatives and monarchists, led by Thiers, decided to surrender Alsace-Lorraine to Germany,
US North
factories, industrialization, urbanization, system of canals and railroads, attracted most immigrants, thought their free-labor system economical and morally superior to slavery
US Cotton Empire
able to satisfy cotton demand from Europe and New England, expanded slave-based agriculture, spurred exports, ignited US’ rapid economic growth
CSA/ US Civil War
11 states left the Union after Lincoln’s election in 1860, formed the Confederate States of America
Civil War (1861-1865)- South defeated and Union preserved. Powerful business corporations emerged, supported by the Republican party
US Homestead Act
1862- gave western land to settlers
US Thirteenth Amendment
1865- ended slavery
US Manifest Destiny
the US’ “manifest destiny” was to straddle a continent as a great world power. Confirmed through Union’s success. Nationalism grew
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia vs. France, over who should protect Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire
France and GB (w/ Sardinia and Ottomans) defeated Russia
-Russia’s poor transportation system did not allow them to supply distant troops adequately
modernization
changing a country to enable it to compete more effectively with other powers
- industrialization
- more liberal gov’t
Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)
military disaster (Crimean War) forced him into making “Great Reforms”
zemstvo
new local government institution, established in 1864. Elected by three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. Dealt with local issues. Liberals hoped it would lead to an elected national parliament, but it remained subordinate to traditional bureaucracy and local nobility.
Tsar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)
reactionary (not reformative), but Sergei Witte’s reforms kept modernization efforts going
Sergei Witte
Russian minister of finance 1892-1903, key leader of economic modernization/westernization movement.
- built state-owned railroads
- protective tariffs
- encouraged foreigners to establish factories in Russia (led to westernization and abundant/cheap products)
Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, issued the October Manifesto
Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, Bloody Sunday, First Duma, etc.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Issues:
- workers wanted liberal, representative gov.
- peasants still suffering
- minorities (Poles, Ukrainians, Latvians) wanted self-rule
Rev. includes Bloody Sunday and October Manifesto (Duma)
Bloody Sunday (1905)
massive crowd of workers peacefully presented a petition to the tsar at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, troops opened fire and killed many.
Ignited Rev. of 1905 (strikes, revolts, troop mutinies)
October Manifesto (1905)
issued by Nicholas II in response to general strike. Promised a popularly elected Duma
Duma
Russian parliament elected indirectly by universal male suffrage, but had little power because the tsar had an absolute veto, and the tsar-appointed ministers did not need a majority in the Duma. Later electoral law was rewritten to increase the weight of propertied classes. Collective ownership of land was also abolished, satisfying peasants. Russia ended 1914 with a conservative constitutional monarchy.
“Great Reforms” (7)
(under Alexander II, b/c of military disaster)
- freed serfs (still collective ownership)
- est. zemstvo
- est. independent courts, equality before the law
- liberalized education and policies toward Jews
- censorship relaxed
- encouraged private railways
- growing proletariat
Tanzimat
set of reforms to westernize the Ottoman Empire (b/c: losing more territory to Russia, Muhammad Ali ready to depose the sultan)
- equality before the law
- religious freedom
- modernized administration and military
Young Turks
(Ottoman Empire)
patriots who seized power in the Rev. of 1908, forced the Sultan to implement reforms
Muslims during Tanzimat
equality before the law split Muslims into secularists and religious conservatives
Balkan nationalism
anti-Ottoman
Dual monarchy (est. 1867)
Austro-Hungarian empire divided into two states (Austria and Hungary), united only by the monarch and common ministries for finance, defense, and foreign affairs
both states had minority populations
Magyars
the Hungarian race; Magyar nationalism led to the decay of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a dual monarchy
Karl Lueger & the Christian Socialists
political party against Jews; won electoral victories that shocked Jews into Zionism
Lueger- mayor of Vienna
Theodor Herzl
turned from German nationalism to Zionism
Zionism
Theodor Herzl’s movement to attain a Jewish state
Where was anti-Semitism the most oppressive?
Russia and Eastern Europe- violent pogroms (not stopped by gov’t), hatred redirected from gov’t to Jews. Many Jews emigrated to W. Europe or U.S.
First International
Marx’s International Working Men’s Association linked Socialist parties from different countries. This First International collapsed.
Second International
Socialist leaders came together to form this union of separate national socialist parties, lasted until 1914. May 1 declared an international one-day strike.
Revisionism
moderate socialists’ efforts to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time
Eduard Bernstein
wrote “Evolutionary Socialism”, proved many of Marx’s predictions false. Views denounced by German Social Democratic Party and Second International
