Nationalism 1850-1914

Question 1

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon III

r. 1848-1870

Answer 1

Napoleon I’s nephew, proclaimed himself as Emperor Napoleon III, in the end granted a new constitution w/ parliament and hereditary emperor

know story (edit card)

Question 2

plebiscite

Answer 2

a direct vote

ex. Napoleon III elected w/ 97% vote

Question 3

Georges Haussmann

Answer 3

authoritarian planner put in charge of Paris, rebuilt the city 1850-1870

Question 4

FR Third Republic

Answer 4

proclaimed by patriotic republicans, starved into submission by German armies

Question 5

FR Paris Commune

Answer 5

proclaimed by radical Parisians, wanted to govern Paris without interference from conservative countryside, crushed by National Assembly

Question 6

FR Dreyfus Affair

Answer 6

case in which Alfred Dreyfus (Jewish captain in French army) was falsely accused and convicted of treason. CC and anti-Semites against Dreyfus. Declared innocent. France severed all ties between CC and state.

Question 7

FR National Assembly

Answer 7

increasingly republican, majority of conservatives and monarchists, led by Thiers, decided to surrender Alsace-Lorraine to Germany,

Question 8

US North

Answer 8

factories, industrialization, urbanization, system of canals and railroads, attracted most immigrants, thought their free-labor system economical and morally superior to slavery

Question 9

US Cotton Empire

Answer 9

able to satisfy cotton demand from Europe and New England, expanded slave-based agriculture, spurred exports, ignited US’ rapid economic growth

Question 10

CSA/ US Civil War

Answer 10

11 states left the Union after Lincoln’s election in 1860, formed the Confederate States of America

Civil War (1861-1865)- South defeated and Union preserved. Powerful business corporations emerged, supported by the Republican party

Question 11

US Homestead Act

Answer 11

1862- gave western land to settlers

Question 12

US Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 12

1865- ended slavery

Question 13

US Manifest Destiny

Answer 13

the US’ “manifest destiny” was to straddle a continent as a great world power. Confirmed through Union’s success. Nationalism grew

Question 14

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Answer 14

Russia vs. France, over who should protect Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire
France and GB (w/ Sardinia and Ottomans) defeated Russia
-Russia’s poor transportation system did not allow them to supply distant troops adequately

Question 15

modernization

Answer 15

changing a country to enable it to compete more effectively with other powers

• industrialization
• more liberal gov’t

Question 16

Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)

Answer 16

military disaster (Crimean War) forced him into making “Great Reforms”

Question 17

zemstvo

Answer 17

new local government institution, established in 1864. Elected by three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. Dealt with local issues. Liberals hoped it would lead to an elected national parliament, but it remained subordinate to traditional bureaucracy and local nobility.

Question 18

Tsar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)

Answer 18

reactionary (not reformative), but Sergei Witte’s reforms kept modernization efforts going

Question 19

Sergei Witte

Answer 19

Russian minister of finance 1892-1903, key leader of economic modernization/westernization movement.

• built state-owned railroads
• protective tariffs
• encouraged foreigners to establish factories in Russia (led to westernization and abundant/cheap products)

Question 20

Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)

Answer 20

succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, issued the October Manifesto

Question 21

Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)

Answer 21

succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, Bloody Sunday, First Duma, etc.

Question 22

Revolution of 1905 (Russia)

Answer 22

Issues:

• workers wanted liberal, representative gov.
• peasants still suffering
• minorities (Poles, Ukrainians, Latvians) wanted self-rule

Rev. includes Bloody Sunday and October Manifesto (Duma)

Question 23

Bloody Sunday (1905)

Answer 23

massive crowd of workers peacefully presented a petition to the tsar at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, troops opened fire and killed many.
Ignited Rev. of 1905 (strikes, revolts, troop mutinies)

Question 24

October Manifesto (1905)

Answer 24

issued by Nicholas II in response to general strike. Promised a popularly elected Duma

Question 25

Duma

Answer 25

Russian parliament elected indirectly by universal male suffrage, but had little power because the tsar had an absolute veto, and the tsar-appointed ministers did not need a majority in the Duma. Later electoral law was rewritten to increase the weight of propertied classes. Collective ownership of land was also abolished, satisfying peasants. Russia ended 1914 with a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Question 26

“Great Reforms” (7)

Answer 26

(under Alexander II, b/c of military disaster)

• freed serfs (still collective ownership)
• est. zemstvo
• est. independent courts, equality before the law
• liberalized education and policies toward Jews
• censorship relaxed
• encouraged private railways
• growing proletariat

Question 27

Tanzimat

Answer 27

set of reforms to westernize the Ottoman Empire (b/c: losing more territory to Russia, Muhammad Ali ready to depose the sultan)

• equality before the law
• religious freedom
• modernized administration and military

Question 28

Young Turks

Answer 28

(Ottoman Empire)

patriots who seized power in the Rev. of 1908, forced the Sultan to implement reforms

Question 29

Muslims during Tanzimat

Answer 29

equality before the law split Muslims into secularists and religious conservatives

Question 30

Balkan nationalism

Answer 30

anti-Ottoman

Question 31

Dual monarchy (est. 1867)

Answer 31

Austro-Hungarian empire divided into two states (Austria and Hungary), united only by the monarch and common ministries for finance, defense, and foreign affairs

both states had minority populations

Question 32

Magyars

Answer 32

the Hungarian race; Magyar nationalism led to the decay of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a dual monarchy

Question 33

Karl Lueger & the Christian Socialists

Answer 33

political party against Jews; won electoral victories that shocked Jews into Zionism
Lueger- mayor of Vienna

Question 34

Theodor Herzl

Answer 34

turned from German nationalism to Zionism

Question 35

Zionism

Answer 35

Theodor Herzl’s movement to attain a Jewish state

Question 36

Where was anti-Semitism the most oppressive?

Answer 36

Russia and Eastern Europe- violent pogroms (not stopped by gov’t), hatred redirected from gov’t to Jews. Many Jews emigrated to W. Europe or U.S.

Question 37

First International

Answer 37

Marx’s International Working Men’s Association linked Socialist parties from different countries. This First International collapsed.

Question 38

Second International

Answer 38

Socialist leaders came together to form this union of separate national socialist parties, lasted until 1914. May 1 declared an international one-day strike.

Question 39

Revisionism

Answer 39

moderate socialists’ efforts to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time

Question 40

Eduard Bernstein

Answer 40

wrote “Evolutionary Socialism”, proved many of Marx’s predictions false. Views denounced by German Social Democratic Party and Second International