Nationalism 1850-1914 Flashcards
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon III
r. 1848-1870
Napoleon I’s nephew, proclaimed himself as Emperor Napoleon III, in the end granted a new constitution w/ parliament and hereditary emperor
know story (edit card)
plebiscite
a direct vote
ex. Napoleon III elected w/ 97% vote
Georges Haussmann
authoritarian planner put in charge of Paris, rebuilt the city 1850-1870
FR Third Republic
proclaimed by patriotic republicans, starved into submission by German armies
FR Paris Commune
proclaimed by radical Parisians, wanted to govern Paris without interference from conservative countryside, crushed by National Assembly
FR Dreyfus Affair
case in which Alfred Dreyfus (Jewish captain in French army) was falsely accused and convicted of treason. CC and anti-Semites against Dreyfus. Declared innocent. France severed all ties between CC and state.
FR National Assembly
increasingly republican, majority of conservatives and monarchists, led by Thiers, decided to surrender Alsace-Lorraine to Germany,
US North
factories, industrialization, urbanization, system of canals and railroads, attracted most immigrants, thought their free-labor system economical and morally superior to slavery
US Cotton Empire
able to satisfy cotton demand from Europe and New England, expanded slave-based agriculture, spurred exports, ignited US’ rapid economic growth
CSA/ US Civil War
11 states left the Union after Lincoln’s election in 1860, formed the Confederate States of America
Civil War (1861-1865)- South defeated and Union preserved. Powerful business corporations emerged, supported by the Republican party
US Homestead Act
1862- gave western land to settlers
US Thirteenth Amendment
1865- ended slavery
US Manifest Destiny
the US’ “manifest destiny” was to straddle a continent as a great world power. Confirmed through Union’s success. Nationalism grew
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia vs. France, over who should protect Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire
France and GB (w/ Sardinia and Ottomans) defeated Russia
-Russia’s poor transportation system did not allow them to supply distant troops adequately
modernization
changing a country to enable it to compete more effectively with other powers
- industrialization
- more liberal gov’t
Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)
military disaster (Crimean War) forced him into making “Great Reforms”
zemstvo
new local government institution, established in 1864. Elected by three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. Dealt with local issues. Liberals hoped it would lead to an elected national parliament, but it remained subordinate to traditional bureaucracy and local nobility.
Tsar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)
reactionary (not reformative), but Sergei Witte’s reforms kept modernization efforts going
Sergei Witte
Russian minister of finance 1892-1903, key leader of economic modernization/westernization movement.
- built state-owned railroads
- protective tariffs
- encouraged foreigners to establish factories in Russia (led to westernization and abundant/cheap products)
Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, issued the October Manifesto
Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
succeeded Alexander III, tsar during Rev. of 1905, Bloody Sunday, First Duma, etc.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Issues:
- workers wanted liberal, representative gov.
- peasants still suffering
- minorities (Poles, Ukrainians, Latvians) wanted self-rule
Rev. includes Bloody Sunday and October Manifesto (Duma)
Bloody Sunday (1905)
massive crowd of workers peacefully presented a petition to the tsar at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, troops opened fire and killed many.
Ignited Rev. of 1905 (strikes, revolts, troop mutinies)
October Manifesto (1905)
issued by Nicholas II in response to general strike. Promised a popularly elected Duma
