Nationalism Flashcards
Nationalism Intro
- Relatively young ideology becoming prevalent in the late 18th century - (with the French and American revolutions ?)
- Emphasising identity based on a shared nation / culture over religious or feudal affiliations
- Nationalism is a ‘chameleon’ ideology - changes nature to fit environment
- Two subdivisions; Liberal and Conservative
Who are the Key Nationalism Thinkers
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (18th Cent)
- Johann Gottfreid Von Herder (18th Cent)
- Guiseppe Mazzini (19th)
- Charles Maurras (19-20th)
- Marcus Garvey (20th)
Wider Scholars for Nationalism (6)
Disreali - 19th Cent
- Nationalism as a unifying force that could promote social cohesion transcending class Divides
Bismarck - 19th Cent
- Conservative Nationalism - military values uniting nation
- “The great questions of our time will not be resolved by speeches or majority decisions… but by iron and blood”
Mussolini - 20th Cent
HN - inherent conflict within HN - requires strong leader to unify people
State - Totalitarian state, gov has complete control
Expansionary - Desire to return Italy to previous empire, and create an economically sufficient Italy
JFK
- Nationalism characterised by civil duty / engagement
- “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country”
Fidel Casto
- Nationalism based on opposition to imperialism (US)
- Promoted Shared Cuban identity, transcendent beyond racial or class divisions - linked to social equality - nationalism to benefit all
- “The revolutionary movement in a nationalism movement” ?
Hitler - 20th Cent
- Fascist Nationalism / Radical Nationalism
- HN- Hierarchical view of human nature, wither superior and inferior races
- Society - Racially homogenous + authoritarian society - The good of the Aryan race prioritised over individual rights - Subjugation of other races
- State - Totalitarian state
- ‘Greater Germany’ defined by language
Malcom X
- Black Nationalism
- Two races; white and Black
–> Black superior to white and pre-dates white
Liberal vs. Conservative thinkers
Lib
- Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Guiseppe Mazzini
Conserv
- Johann Gottfried Van Herder
- Charles Maurras
Black Nationalism
- Marcus Garvey - Similar to conservative
20th Centry - Radical Nationalism
- Maurras
- Mussolini
- Hitler
- Garvey
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
Human Nature - “Man is born free, everywhere he is in chains” - State of Nature paradise - Altruistic, optimistic view -People as rational who desire freedom
State - Democratic Republican government (gov authority derived from and accountable to the people, to benefit all people)
Society - People’s joint patriotism / allegiance to nation holds them together, + society driven by general will
Economy - Structures of society benefit a privileged few + corrupt natural goodness within humans.
- Critical of private property and materialism
- Economy favouring the general will would prevent inequality
General will -
- Collective will - what’s best for the whole society, transcending individual desire
- All laws should reflect general will
- Unity + equality within society
Johann Gottfreid von Herder
German Nationalism saw Rousseau’s Enlightenment based nationalism as too rigid - developed a Nationalism based on ‘Romanticism’
- Based on art, music, language and culture uniting people under a ‘one nation state’
Human Nature - cultural relativism (no universal HN, people influenced by society
Society - made up of ‘volk’ - united based on shared history, language
State - Nation state made up of ‘volk’ -rejected imperialism (imposing culture on another nation)
Economy - Rejected Materialist
Racist -
Yes - Exclusionary based on language, inspired Hitlers ‘Greater Germany’ based on common language
No - More concerned with cultural distinctions than biological
- Rejected imperialism - imposing cultures + ideas on other nations
–> no just adopted by racists
Giuseppe Mazzini
- 19th Cent - Italian Liberal Nationalism
Human Nature - Inherently strive for moral progress, and collective well-being.
State - A Republic of Representative Democracy (gov authority derived from and accountable to the people, to benefit all people) w/ constitution to establish rights - Against Monarchy
Society - Bound together by cultural forces, including religion - prioritise Interests of nation over individual (similar to General will - Rousseau)
Economy - Rejected materialist nature of free market
‘Young Italy’ movement to overthrow monarchy and replace it with democracy
Charles Maurras
- 20th Cent - Conservative Nationalism
- Based on Political nativism –> prioritising ‘native’ born
- Anti-Semitism - Jewish people responsible for decline in French values
- Yearning for a by-gone age of glory
- “True Nationalism places his country above everything”
- Chauvinism - extreme patriotism
Human Nature - Ethnic identity large part of nature - French as superior to other races
State - Strong hereditary monarchy - Strong role for Catholic church in state - Strong Authoritarian State (democracy gives too much equality to ignorance masses) - State should expel or deprive minorities of rights
Society - Political nativism - Cleanse French Society of minorities - Interests of individuals oppressed in favour of collective identity - Restoration of traditional society
Economy - Economic dominance of Superior Nations
Marcus Garvey
- Black Nationalism
- Inspired Black Nationalist’s e.g. Nation of Islam + Malcom X
Human Nature - Different races should be divided - Self-determination for Black people
State - Advocated end of colonial rule, increase democracy esp. In African countries - State as an artificial concept from white supremacy
Society - Segregation based on race “Africa For Africans” - Black and White States - African society to unite and overthrow colonial rule - Black society as superior to White society
Economy - Opposed Capitalism, believed it leads to imperialism - Opposed communism, believed it leads to dictators.
Self-Determinism
A Nation has a right to determine its own; politics, economics, culture etc. without external influence/ coercion.
Autonomy of a nation.
Expansionist
- Believe in chauvinism, exclusivity, imperialism –> irrational
- Territorial expansion of territories, often justified through racial superiority, or historic claims.
Culturalism
- Emphasises importance of shared culture
–> Shared History, Language, Traditions, preservation of heritage - Herder - linked to Patriotism
–> inspired radical Nationalism’s racial superiority / exclusivism
Exclusivism Vs. Inclusivism
Inclusive - See Nation as something anyone can join - Liberal - Rousseau
Exclusivist - Nation built on shared trad + history create nation - cannot decide to be part of nation - linked to culturalism + racism
