Nat - Essay Plans Flashcards
Nationalism Intro
Relatively young ideology becoming prevalent in the late 18th century - (with the French and American revolutions ?)
Emphasising identity based on a shared nation / culture over religious or feudal affiliations
Nationalism is a ‘chameleon’ ideology - changes nature to fit environment
Two subdivisions; Liberal and Conservative
Nationalists agree on the State
- Majority Nat agree - apart from Maurras integral conserv. + expansionary Nat - believe in Autocratic, expansionist , dominant State
P1 - Prioritise State Vs. Extent State domination e.g. prioritise society
–> Maurras - “True Nationalism places his country above everything” - Interest of individual oppressed in favour of collective identity
+ Mazzini - Prioritise interests of nation over individual - liberty only achieved under unified Nation
–> Mazzini - State derives authority from people - should govern in best interests of society
+ Rousseau - State govern in ‘General Will’ - whats best for society as a whole transcends individual desire
P2 - Who runs state - Democracy vs. Authoritarian
–> libs agree on Republican State derived from , accountable to the people
+ Rousseau - representative democracy + all laws reflect ‘General will’
+ Mazzini - “Young Italy” movement to overthrow monarchy + replace with democracy
+ Black - Garvey - increased democracy in Africa - reject colonial rule
–> Maurras - Strong hereditary monarchy - Authoritarian state with power to deprive rights / expel minorities - Dem gives too much power to ignorant masses
+ Expansionary Nat - Hitler + Mussolini - Totalitarian state complete control over individual
P3 - Reject Expansion Vs. Expansionist state
–> Lib + Cultural Conserv + Post-Colonial Nat.
+ Herder - Reject imperialism, focus on culture mean doesn’t believe in imposition of culture on other nations.
+ Garvey - End of colonial rule - against imperial tendencies
+ Fidel Castro - Nat. based on opposition to US imperialism within SAmerica
–> Integral + Expansionary nat.
+ Maurras - extreme patriotism leads to belief of superiority and expansionism
+ Mussolini - Aggressive expansion to restore Italy’s roman empire
+ Hitler - ‘Lebensraum’ or ‘living room’ expansion to provide space for Germans
Nationalists agree on Human Nature
- Divide between lib + Conserv. Nationalism based on HN absolute vs. Relative, what binds HN together, whether HN is inherently good
P1 - Universal HN vs. Relative HN
–> Lib - Absolute HN
+ Rousseau - All people rational, deserve + desire freedom - ‘general will’ reflects equality of HN
+ Mazzini - Universal, all inherently strive towards collective good
–> Conserv + expansionary
+ Herder - Cultural relativism - HN influenced by society + culture around then e.g. history, traditions, art, language
+ Maurras - Intergral - Relative due to superiority of certain ethnicities e.g. French superior, Jewish Inferior - Ethnicity large part of HN
+ Hitler - expansionary - Hierarchical view of HN - subjugation of inferior races
P2 - What binds HN together - National identity vs. Race
–> Lib + Cultural
+ Rousseau - People’s joint patriotism / national identity binds them together + Social contract creates cohesive society
+ Herder - bound by cultural + national identity - esp. shared language creates society of ‘volk’
–> Black + Integral
+ Garvey - Black separation - “Back to Africa”, “Africa for Africans” + Black and White American State
+ Malcom X - Black as superior race, Black live separately with self-sufficient societies separate from White
+ Maurras - Integral - Political nativism - cleanse french society of minorities
P3 - Inherently good vs. inherently bad
–> Lib
+ Rousseau - “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” - State of nature perfect order of society altruistic view
+ Mazzini - HN inherently strives towards collective well-being
–> Integral + Expansionary
+ Maurras - Pessimistic, need for strong, hierarchal society + authoritarian state to control negative instincts
+ Mussolini - HN inherently conflicted, need totalitarian state + leader to unify people
Nationalists agree on Society
- Nationalists generally Agrees on exclusivism, regressive and race based society, apart from Lib Nat.
P1 - Agree on Exclusivism vs. Lib inclusivism
–> conserv + expansionary nat
+ Herder - Cultural nat. - Society made from ‘volk’ exclusivist based on culture e.g. shared language, history and traditions
+ Maurras - Political nativism, cleanse french society of minorities through expulsion of deprivation of rights
+ Hitler - Society racial homogenous w/ subjugation of non-Aryans - ‘greater germany’ defined by language
–> Lib - Inclusive
+ Rousseau - “General will’ focus on unified body, society - view all people as rational + altruistic
+ Mandela - ‘rainbow nation’ - unified national identity transcending race or ethnicity
P2 - Society bound by race vs. Bound by National identity
–> Black + Integral + Expansionary
+ Garvey - Black separation “Africa for Africans”, “Back to Africa” - US black + white state
+ Malcom X - Black separation - Self-sufficient societies separate from White
+ Maurras - Integral - political nativism - cleanse French society of minorities
–> Cultural + Liberal
+ Rousseau - People’s joint patriotism to nation holds them together - ‘general will’ + social contract binds people together. in cohesive society
+ Herder - Cultural nat - people bound by shared culture, history, traditions, language - creates society of ‘volk’
P3 - Regressive vs. Progressive society
–> Conserv + Expansionary
+ Maurras - yearning for by-gone age of glory, restoration of traditional values, opposed principles of French rev. desire to return to hereditary monarchy, church led society, with racially homogenous France
+ Mussolini - desire to return to Italian glory under romans
–> Lib Nationalism
+ Rousseau - Civil Nationalism - Democracy, society led by ‘General Will’ with equal society, abolition of Monarchy
+ Mazzini - ‘Young Italy’ movement overthrow monarchy with republican democracy w/ constitutional rights protection, Self-determinism for society
Nationalists agree on the Economy
- Divide between lib + Conserv. Nat over state intervention, self-sufficiency vs. internationalism and inequality within economy. - Black nat agree with lib, apart from state - due to suspicion of exploitation from state
P1 - State intervention vs. Limited State intervention
–> Lib + Expansionist Nat.
+ Rousseau - State intervention to prevent inequality + regulation to ensure economy follows ‘General will’
+ Mazzini - State intervention to implement reforms e.g. education + welfare - enhances self-determination + National unity
+ Expansionist - Hitler + Mussolini - Totalitarian state meaning extreme control over economy to achieve national goals, at expense of individual economic freedom
–> Conservative + Black
+ Herder - Cultural - Limited state intervention - ‘organic society’ meaning economy should naturally adapt to conserve tradition
+ Maurras - Limited state intervention, support traditional economic structures w/ hierarchy to promote stability
+ Garvey - Black separatism - economic independence + self-reliance - Community based intervention rather than state
P2 - Self-sufficiency vs. Internationalism
–> Majority favour self-sufficient - apart form Mazzini
+ Rousseau - small, self-sufficient communities, with self-reliance - Sceptical of international dependence fearing leads to inequality
+ Herder - External influences erode national identity, economic policies to protect tradition
+ Maurras - Protectionism, agriculture based economy to uphold social hierarchy, protect against foreign influence
+ Garvey - Self-reliance + self-sufficiency for black communities, resist exploitation
–> Mazzini supports internationalism + Rousseau + Garvey international with conditions
+ Mazzini - Internationalism to build mutual respect + equality, Nations should work together to achieve human progress
+ Rousseau - internationalism if promoted ‘General will’
+ Garvey - Internationalism only within Africa + between African descendants globally
P3 - Economic equality vs. inequality
–> Conserv + Expansionary
+ Herder - culturalism - preservation of culture and social fabrics, upholding traditional social structures including inequality
+ Maurras - Integral - Preseve traditional hierarchies and social order, essential for maintaining stability
+ Expansionary - Hitler - Inequality + hierarchy where Aryans prioritised was desired
–> Lib + Black
+ Rousseau - Economy should promote equality, follow principles of ‘General Will’ - inequality corrupts social contract + democracy - “When the people have nothing more to eat, they will eat the rich”
+ Mazzini - Progressive economic policies to achieve social justice + national unity - promote welfare and opportunities for working class to enhance self-determinism
+ Garvey - Combat racial inequality
Nationalists agree on a Nation
Divide between Integral conserv, expansionary and Black nationalism ideals of nation, and liberal and cultural conserv ideals.
P1 - What binds a Nation together - Race vs. National identity
–> Integral + Black
+ Maurras - Ethnicity large part of HN, french superior, Political nativism - cleanse french society of other ethnicities and have society bound by race
+ Garvey - Black separation - “Back to Africa” “Africa for Africans” + Black and White US states
+ Malcom X - Black superior + pre-dates white, black race should live separately from white people
–> Cultural + lib
+ Rousseau - People joint patriotism /allegiance to nation holds them together, General will + social contract binds people together in nation
+ Herder - People bound by cultural and national identity - ‘volk’ defined by shared history, traditions and language - not race
P2 - Regressive vs. Progressive
–> Integral + expansionary (partial culturalism)
+ Maurras - Yearning for a by-gone age of glory, ‘Action Francaise’ advocated for restoration of trad values + institutions, opposed french rev, return of hereditary monarchy and church led society
+ Mussolini - Desire to return Italy to glory under Roman empire
+ Herder - Nations identity within shared history, traditions and language - preservation of history
–> Lib + Partial culturalism
+ Herder - Elements of progression - belief in organic society implies natural progression, advocated for respect of dif cultures rejecting imperialism
+ Rousseau - Society driven by ‘General will’ expressive equality for all society, advocated for democracy and civic nationalism + abolition of monarchy
+ Mazzini - ‘Young Italy’ movement, overthrow monarchy + replace with republican democracy + self-determination for people
P3 - Expansionary vs. non-Expansionary nation
–> Integral + Expansionary
+ Maurras- extreme patriotism + prioritisation of nation over individual, promotion of aggressive expansion
+ Mussolini - Expansionary - restore Italy to past glory under Roman empire through expansion and imperialism
+ Hitler - expansion via ‘Greater Germany’ based on shared language, expansion based on ‘Lebensraum’ or ‘living room’ for German people.
- All influences by Chauvinistic + Regressive ideology and desire to return country to by-gone age of mythical glory
–> Cultural + lib + Post-colonial nationalism
+ Herder - rejected imperialism, focus on culture dont impose culture on other nations
+ Rousseau - Opposed to expansion, small sufficient communities, larger = more susceptible to corruption, prioritised well-being internally over expansion
+ Mazzini - Self-determination- right of nations to self govern - against imperialism
+ Garvey + Fidel Castro - Post-colonial nat - nationalism based on opposition to colonialism of Africa (Garvey) and US imperialism in SAmerica (Castro)
Nationalism Regressive or Progressive
P1 - Preservation of traditions vs. progression of society for common good
–> Conserv
+ Herder - Cultural - National identity based on culture, history, traditions, language - creates ‘volk’ - preservation of traditions
+ Maurras - ‘Action Francaise’ advocated for preservation of trad values + morality through promotion of RC church - stability and order through continuation of tradition
–> Lib + some Cultural
+ Rousseau - ‘General will’ and Social contract binds people together - in pursuit of common good, disregard trad if not rational
+ Herder - Elements of progression - believed in ‘organic society’ implies natural progression
P2 - Self-determination Vs. Authoritarian - due to HN
–> Lib + Black nat
+ Rousseau - Altruistic view of HN - People as ration who deserve + desire autonomy - promotes self-determinism and republican democratic state accountable to the people
+ Mazzini HN inherently strived towards moral progress - Self-determination for all people - ‘Young Italy’ overthrow monarchy and replace with representative democracy accountable to the people
+ Garvey - Increase democracy in Africa, promotion self-determination for Black people
–> Integral + Expansionist
+ Maurras - Pessimistic of HN - requires strong hereditary monarchy and hierarchal society, longing to return to French monarchy pre revolution - Democracy give to much power to ignorance masses
+ Mussolini - HN inherently conflicted - requires strong totalitarian leader to unify people - expansionary desires, rejection of self-determination, to return Italy to glory under Roman empire
P3 - Anti-Expansionist vs. Expansionist
–> Lib, Cultural, Post-colonial nat
+ Rousseau - Opposed to expansion, small sufficient communities, larger = more susceptible to corruption, prioritised well-being internally over expansion
+ Mazzini - Self-determination- right of nations to self govern - against imperialism
+ Herder - rejected imperialism, focus on culture don’t impose culture on other nations
+ Garvey + Fidel Castro - Post-colonial nat - nationalism based on opposition to colonialism of Africa “Africa for Africans” (Garvey) and US imperialism in SAmerica (Castro)
–> Integral + Expansionist nat
+ Maurras - Integral nat - extreme patriotism, prioritisation of nation over individual and belief in non-French as inferior races leads to expansionist beliefs
+ Mussolini - Aggressive expansionist beliefs, to allow Italy to be self-sufficient and return Italy to by-gone glory of Roman empire
+ Hitler - Expansion to unite ‘Greater Germany’ and allow for ‘lebensraum’ for german people
- Influences by chauvinistic + regressive ideology of longing for a by-gone age of mythical glory for their country.
Extent Conservative / Liberal Nationalists agree / More united than Divided
- Not agree, more divided, disagree on Nat being a regressive vs/ progressive ideology, on HN and on existence of inequality in society
P1 - Regressive vs. Progressive
–> Conservative + Expansionist
+ Maurras - Integral - yearning for a by-gone age of glory, ‘Action Francaise’ advocated for restoration of trad values + institutions, opposed french rev, return of hereditary monarchy and hierarchical RC church led society
+ Herder - Cultural - National identity within shared history, traditions, language - preservation / promotion of history
+ Mussolini - Desire to return Italy to previous glory under Roman empire
–> Lib + Partial cultural
+ Rousseau - advocate for abolition of monarchy
and replacement with democracy - society driven by ‘General will’, reason dictates society not tradition
+ Mazzini - ‘Young Italy’ movement to overthrow monarchy and replace with republican democracy - Self-determination for societies through democracy
+ Herder - Elements of progressive - belief in ‘organic society’ therefore natural progression + evolution of society
P2 - Human Nature, Relative + bad vs. Absolute and Altruistic
–> Conserv + Expansionist
+ Maurras - Pessimistic of HN, need for Strong hierarchical society and authoritarian state to control Human instincts - Relative Nature- superiority of certain ethnicities, French superior minorities inferior esp. Jewish
+ Herder - Cultural relativism - HN influenced by society and culture, e.g. art, music, language, traditions
+ Mussolini - HN inherently conflicted, need totalitarian state and leader to unify people
–> Lib
+ Rousseau - “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” - State of Nature- All people ration deserve + desire freedom
+ Mazzini - HN universal, all inherently strive towards progress and collective well-being
P3 - Inequality vs. Equality
–> Conserv + Expansionary
+ Herder - Cultural - preservation of culture and social fabrics, upholding trad social structures inc. inequality to maintain order - ‘organic society’
+ Maurras - preserve traditional hierarchies and social order inc. inequality to maintain stability, society led by elite, ‘superior races’ e.g. French top of hierarchy
+ Expansionary - Hitler - inequality + Hierarchy where Aryans prioritised was desired
–> lib
+ Rousseau - Economy should promote equality, follow principles of ‘General will’ - State intervention to prevent inequality, inequality corrupts social contract and democracy - “ When the people have nothing more to eat, they will eat the rich”
+ Mazzini - Progressive economic policies to achieve social justice and promote social unity, promote welfare and opportunities for working class to enhance self-determinism (positive freedom)
Nationalism is a Rational ideology
- Conserv + Expansionary irrational, a regressive ideology, based on racial supremacy and authoritarian ideas - Lib doesn’t hold same values ∴ rational
P1- Regressive ideology vs. Progressive
–> Conserv + Expansionary
+ Herder - Cultural Nationalism - ‘volk’ defined by national identity, shared history, traditions and language
+ Maurras - Integral - Yearning for a by-gone age of glory, ‘Action Fraincaise’ advocated for restoration of traditional values and institutions, opposed french revolution, return to hereditary monarchy, hierarchical church led society
+ Mussolini - Desire to return Italy to previous glory under Roman empire
–> Lib + Cultural partially
+ Rousseau - Social contract binds people together, General will + rationality dictates society not tradition
+ Mazzini - Self-determinism + autonomy for individuals , rejections of imperialism, Universal education, concern with social inequality
+ Herder - Cultural - Elements of progression, believed in organic society, natural progression, rejected imperialism
P2 - Racial supremacy vs. Universal HN
–> Conserv + Expansionist
+ Herder - Cultural - Society made up of volk, exclusive based on culture e.g. shared traditions, history, language - also influences HN - Cultural relativism
+ Maurras - Political nativism, cleanse french society of minorities, authoritarian state with power to expel or deprive minorities of rights, french race superior to other esp. Jewish
+ Expansionist - Hitler - Hierarchical HN, Aryan superiority and Jewish interior.
–> Lib - Universal HN
+ Rousseau - state of nature “Man is born free, everywhere he is in chains” HN altruistic, all people rational being deserve + desire freedom
+ Mazzini - Universal HN, all people inherently strive towards moral progress and collective well-being
P3 - Authoritarian vs. Democratic
–> Integral + Expansionist
+ Maurras - Strong hereditary Monarchy, authoritarian state with power to expel minorities, Democracy give to much power to ignorance masses
+ Hitler + Mussolini - Expansionist - Totalitarian state with complete control over individual
–> Lib
+ Republican state derived from + accountable to the people
+ Rousseau - Representative democracy with all laws reflecting general will
+ Mazzini- ‘Young Italy’ advocated overthrow monarchy + replace with democracy, believed in self-determination
+ Garvey - increased democracy in Africa - reject colonial rule
Extent Nationalism is associated with Racism / Racialism
P1 - Separation of society exclusively on Race vs. Society based on Patriotism / more inclusive
–> Conserv + Black + Expansionary
+ Herder - Exclusive society of ‘volk’ based on culture, shared history, traditions, language, closely linked to race
+ Maurras - Political Nativism, Clean French society of minorities, expel minorities from France
+ Garvey - Black Separatism “Back to Africa” “Africa for Africans”, US Black and White States
–> Lib + Cultural-ish
+ Herder - People bound by Cultural identity, not explicitly biology , can have dif races share same culture
+ Rousseau - People’s joint patriotism/ allegiance to nation holds them together - Social Contract binds people in Cohesive society
P2 - Expansionist vs. Anti-Expansion
–> Integral Conserv. + Expansionist
+ Expansion based on inherent belief one’s own nation, race, culture is superior
+ Maurras- Chauvinistic - Extreme patriotism, prioritisation of nation over individual leads to aggressive expansion
+ Mussolini - Expansion to restore Italy’s glory under Roman Empire
+ Hitler - Expansion based on ‘Greater Germany’ language and ‘lebensraum’ or ‘living room’ for German people
- all influences by Chauvinistic + Regressive ideology - desire to return to by-gone age of mythical glory
–> Cultural, Lib + Post-colonial Nat
+ Herder - Reject imperialism, focus on culture meant don’t impose culture on other nations
+ Rousseau - Opposed expansion, small self-sufficient communities, prioritise internal well-being over expansion
+ Mazzini - Self-determination, right of nations to self government, against imperialism
+ Garvey + Fidel Castro - Post -Colonial - Nat based on opposition to colonialism of Africa (Garvey - “Africa for Africans”) and US imperialism in SAmerica (Castro)
P3 - HN based on race vs. Universal HN
–> Conserv + Expansionist
+ Herder - Cultural relativism - HN influences by society and culture around them, language, traditions, history (could argue not defined by race)
+ Maurras - Relative, superiority of certain races, French superior - Jewish inferior, Ethnic identity as large part of HN
+ Hitler - Hierarchical view of HN, believed in subjugation of inferior races
–> Lib
+ Rousseau - All people as rational beings who deserve, desire freedom, Generla will reflects unity + equality of HN
+ Mazzini - Universal HN, inheretly strives towards collective well-being
Extent Nationalists Agree on Self-determination / Democracy
- Divided on Self/Derm Libs believe in HN deserving Self/Derm, Anti-Expansionary to promote Self/Derm and believe in Democracy - Conerv (Integral) + Expansionist oppose
P1 - Human Nature deserves Democracy vs. Requires Authority
–> HN Absolute + Altruistic - Lib
+ Rousseau - “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” - All people rational beings who deserve + desire freedom
+ Mazzini - HN universal, all inherently strive towards moral progress and collective well-being, Self-determination for all nations
–> Integral conserv + Expansionary - Relative HN
+ Maurras - pessimistic of HN, requires strong, hierarchical society and authoritarian state to control instincts of humans. - Relative HN, superiority of certain ethnicities, french superior, jewish inferior
+ Mussolini - HN inherently conflicted, in need of authoritarian state and leader to unify people
+ Hitler - Hierarchical HN, Aryan superiority, Jewish inferiority
P2 - Anti-Expansion vs. Expansion
–> Lib + Cultural + Post-Colonial
+ Herder - Rejected imperialism, focus on culture meant don’t impose culture on other nations
+ Rousseau - opposed expansion, small self-sufficient communities, prioritised internal well-being over expansion
+ Mazzini - Self-determination, right of nations to self-govern, without imperial interference
+ Garvey + Fidel Castro - Post-Colonial - Nat based on opposition to colonialism of Africa (Garvey - “Africa for Africans”) and US Imperialism in SAmerica (Castro)
–> Integral + Expansionary
+ Maurras - Chauvinistic, extreme patriotism and prioritisation of nation over individual, leads to expansionist ideals
+ Mussolini - Expansion to restore Italy’s by-gone glory under Roman Empire
+ Hitler - Expansion based on ‘Greater Germany’ defined by language and ‘Lebensraum’ or ‘living room’ for German people
- Influenced by Chauvinistic + Regressive ideology - desire to return to by-gone age of mythic glory
P3 - Democracy vs. Authoritarian
–> Democratic Nat. Lib + Black
- Republican State derived from + accountable to the people
+ Rousseau representative democracy, all laws reflecting the ‘general will’
+ Mazzini - Representative democracy run to benefit all people - ‘Young Italy’ movement to overthrow monarchy and replace with democracy
+ Garvey - Increased democracy + self-determinism in African countries, rejecting colonial rule
–> Authoritarian - Integral + Expansionary
+ Maurras - Strong Hereditary monarchy, authoritarian state with power to expel or deprive minorities of rights, Democracy gives too much power to ignorance masses
+ Hitler + Mussolini - Totalitarian State with complete control over individual
