National Crime/patterns/theory/laws Flashcards
What is a self report survey
Subjects report their own experience
Crime trends
Violent crime has decline
Marijuana use amongst teenagers is rising
Ecstasy was becoming less popular now on the rise
Alcohol use heavy drinking is down
Factors influencing crime trends
Age structure more kids, more crimes
Immigration decreases acts as a suppressor they don’t want commit less crime.
Unemployment no effect on crime
Abortion decrease since legalized abortion
Gun availability depends on legal vs. illegal guns.
Gangs 800,000 members in the U.S. MS13
Ncvs
National crime victimization survey
What are factors that influence crime trends(part 2)
- Drug use rise in violent (crime from 1985-1993) (more crime related to drug trafficking)(rise in gangs)
- Media more media exposure of violent crimes inspired very little effect raises
- Medical technology lower murder rates
- Justice policy lower crime rates
What is ecological patterns what are the 2 type areas
Rural and suburban
Where the person lives or there area
Where is most crime committed which ones have less
West and south more crime
Mid west and New England less crime
What are gender patterns and what gender is the most highly septeble to crime what is the ratio of crime
Female and male
Patterns committed by a man or woman
Ratio: 3 male offenders:1 female offender or 4:1
Males commit more crime
Why do males commit more crime
Males are stronger and better able to commit crime
Hormonal differences
Girls socialized to be less violent
Males have more parental freedom/ girls have more parental control
What are racial patterns
One race does more crime than another
African Americans are 14% of general population but account for 39% of part 1 of violent crimes and 30% of property crimes
Why is blacks more prone to crime
System racism: racial profiling, most patrols in minority neighborhoods
Institutional racism:unfair social order, schools, government
Structural racism: traditionally,serrated minorities
What are social class patterns
The more increase in poverty and social disorganization comes an increase of crime rate
Why social class patterns
Lack of economic resources leads to higher stress, which then leads to crime
Family structure has crumbled
Where are the higher crime rates,why, and what is the term for this
In poor neighborhoods that are near rich neighborhood, because there going to be jealous, relative deprivation
What is the broken window hypothesis
The deteriorated do community’s attract criminal activity
What are age patterns, what is the age area for crime
The age of crime usually, the youth
What is the peak age for violent crime and property crime
Violent: 18
Property: 16
Why is there age patterns
Culture Risk taking Selfish thinking Immaturity Limited financially Energy, time, and strength Juvenile justice on youth
What are career patterns: coronic offenders
Someone who frequently and persistently commits serious
crime account for 50% or more of serious crime
Arrest and punishment typically won’t does not defer them
What are juveniles
Arrested 5 or more times before 18 and who will probably become an adult crime.
How much does it occur victim patterns
About 21 million crime victimizations occur /year
What gender is more likely to be Vic. Of robbery and aggravated assault what gender is most likely to be a Vic. Of sexual assault
Me are of robbery and assault
Women are of sexual assault
Who is the 2/3rds of attacks against women
Husband,family member or aquantince or boyfriend
Age patterns
Young people more at risk
Reduces significantly after 25
People 65 and older=14% of population
But account for 1% of violent crime victems
Teens 12-19= 14% of population account for 30%
Who in marital status is victems
Unmarried/never married are more likely to be victimized
They tend to be young
Widows are usually older therefore not as likely
What race is more victims in race
African Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime
Ecological patterns
Large urban areas,experience most crime 6pm-6am most crime time Open public areas not safe Public school building not safe 10% of 12-19 are victimized on school grounds DO NOT BE ALONE AT NIGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Weapons don't matter
Victim offender relationship patterns
50% of all violent crime are committed by strangers
Women are more likely victimized by acquaintances majority of female assault victims know their assailant
Single offender over age of 20
25% say offender was between 12-20
Whites are offender in single offender rapes
Multi-offender robberies =AA
What is rational choice theory
They weigh pros and cons then make rational choice to commit crime
They are motivated criminals
What is Bio-social theory
Elements in the environment ( family,friends,community factors) interact with biological(hormones,chemical makeup,genetics)
Give some biochemical factors that go with bio-social theory
Mineral deficiencies
Hormones
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol drug abuse
Give neurological factor for Bio-social theory
Chemicals in brain
Ex. ADHD
Genetic factors for biosocial theory
Inherited disorders
Violence
What is psychodynamic theory
Criminals are driven by unconscious thought patterns that developed in childhood and affect rest of their lives
Crime is a result of oppression and oppressed feelings
Behavioral/social learning theory
People learn and are taught to commit crime
Modeled behavior
Cognitive theory
Lack of ability to think through behavior.
Distorted view of the world
Does not take responsibility for behavior
What is social structure theory
A person’s place in society affects criminality
Poor people commit crime
Culture of poverty
What is Strain theory
People have unequal opportunities
Circumstances force criminal behavior
Cultural deviance theory
Combines social structure and strain theory
Unequal opportunities has helped to develop a culture of poverty
Committing crime is a way to fit in.
Ex. Gang activity
What is social process theory
Persons behavior is shaped by their social relationships
Criminal activity is a result of poor social relationships
Born good learn to be bad
What is social conflict theory
Behavior shaped by interpersonal conflict
We fight social and political battles on a personal level this leads to crime
Economic and political factors are what cause crime
What is developmental theory
Disruptions in major life transitions cause crime
Ex. Young child forced to take care of their siblings (parent role)
Family dysfunction
Developed antisocial behavior as a young child
What is substantive criminal law
Branch of law that defines crime and punishment
Goals- in force social control,distribute retribution,express public opinion and morality, deter criminal behavior,punish wrong doing,maintain social order, restoration
What is procedural law
Basic rules of practice for government and criminal justice system
Criminal procedures: laws regarding,evidence,law of arrest,law of search and seizure,court proceeding,etc.
What is civil law
Governs relations between private parties.
Contracts,wills,trust all fall under this law
Torts: personal injury or wrong doing sought for damages
What is public law
Deals with state or government and its relationships with individuals
What is lex talionis
Law of retaliation
Latin
“Eye for an eye”
What is substantive criminal law
Branch of law that defines crime and punishment
Goals- in force social control,distribute retribution,express public opinion and morality, deter criminal behavior,punish wrong doing,maintain social order, restoration
What is procedural law
Basic rules of practice for government and criminal justice system
Criminal procedures: laws regarding,evidence,law of arrest,law of search and seizure,court proceeding,etc.
What is civil law
Governs relations between private parties.
Contracts,wills,trust all fall under this law
Torts: personal injury or wrong doing sought for damages
What is public law
Deals with state or government and its relationships with individuals
What is lex talionis
Law of retaliation
Latin
“Eye for an eye”
What is substantive criminal law
Branch of law that defines crime and punishment
Goals- in force social control,distribute retribution,express public opinion and morality, deter criminal behavior,punish wrong doing,maintain social order, restoration
What is procedural law
Basic rules of practice for government and criminal justice system
Criminal procedures: laws regarding,evidence,law of arrest,law of search and seizure,court proceeding,etc.
What is civil law
Governs relations between private parties.
Contracts,wills,trust all fall under this law
Torts: personal injury or wrong doing sought for damages
What is public law
Deals with state or government and its relationships with individuals
What is lex talionis
Law of retaliation
Latin
“Eye for an eye”
