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Biology > Nat 5 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Nat 5 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To support the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what substances pass into and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of most chemical reactions

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6
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and regulates water content by osmosis

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activities

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A

Controls cell activities in bacterial cells

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10
Q

Name the two components of the cell membrane

A

Proteins and phospholipids

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11
Q

Define the term passive transport

A

Transport that does not require energy e.g. Diffusion and osmosis

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12
Q

Define the term diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of a high concentration to an area of a low concentration down a concentration gradient until evenly spread

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13
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in diffusion

A

Protein channel

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14
Q

Name three raw materials that would diffuse into cells

A

Oxygen, glucose and amino acids

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15
Q

Name one waste product that would diffuse out of cells

A

Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

State the importance of diffusion in living cells

A

It is the process by which useful molecules enter and waste products are removed

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17
Q

Define the term osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

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18
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in osmosis

A

Protein channel

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19
Q

Describe what happens to an animal cell in pure water

A

Water moves in from a HWC to a LWC and the cell swells and bursts

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20
Q

Describe what happens to an animal cell in a strong salt solution

A

Water moves out from a HWC to a LWC and the cell shrinks

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21
Q

Describe what happens to a plant cell in pure water

A

Water moves in from a HWC to a LWC and the cell becomes turgid

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22
Q

Describe what happens to a plant cell in a strong salt solution

A

Water moves out from a HWC to a LWC and the cell becomes plasmolysed

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23
Q

Define the term active transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against a concentration gradient

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24
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in active transport

A

Protein pump

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25
Q

Describe the importance of mitosis

A

It is essential for growth and repair

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26
Q

Define the term diploid

A

Containing two sets of chromosomes

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27
Q

Describe stage one of mitosis

A

Chromosomes in the nucleus become visible

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28
Q

Describe stage two of mitosis

A

Chromosomes replicate to become two identical chromatids

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29
Q

Describe stage three of mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

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30
Q

Describe stage four of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cells

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31
Q

Describe stage five of mitosis

A

Two new nuclei form and cytoplasm splits

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32
Q

Describe stage six of mitosis

A

Two daughter cells are formed, identical to mother cells

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33
Q

Define the term chromatid

A

Each of the two thread-like strands which a chromosome divides into during mitosis

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34
Q

Define the term equator

A

The line across the centre of the cell

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35
Q

Describe the role of the spindle fibres

A

They pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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36
Q

Explain how mitosis maintains the diploid chromosomes complement

A

The number of chromosomes in the nucleus are doubled and then divided between the nuclei of the two daughter cells produced. This ensures that the diploid chromosome complement is maintained

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37
Q

Explain why aseptic technique must be used when culturing cells

A

To prevent contamination from unwanted bacteria and micro organisms

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38
Q

Name two types of growth medium

A

Nutrient agar and liquid broth

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39
Q

Name three factors that must be controlled when culturing cells

A

Temperature, oxygen concentration and pH

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40
Q

State what molecule DNA codes for

A

Proteins

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41
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

DNA molecules consist of two strands twisted together to form a spiral known as a double helix. Each strand is made up of many smaller units called nucleotides. They also have complementary base pairs.

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42
Q

Describe the complementary base pairs in DNA

A

There are four DNA bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Each base’s molecular structure can only fit one other type of base - A fits T and G fits C

43
Q

State what determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

The order of the bases

44
Q

State where mRNA is formed in the cell

A

Nucleus

45
Q

Describe the role of mRNA in the production of proteins

A

It carries a complementary code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

46
Q

State where the protein is assembled in the cell

A

Ribosomes

47
Q

State what determines the shape and function of a protein

A

The sequence of amino acids

48
Q

State five functions of proteins in the cell

A

Structural, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and receptors

49
Q

Define the term enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

50
Q

State two properties of enzymes

A

They speed up chemical reactions and are unchanged by a reaction

51
Q

Describe the role of the active site in enzyme action

A

The active site is complementary to a specific substrate and fits with that substrate in enzyme action

52
Q

Define the term substrate

A

The molecule that an enzyme works on

53
Q

Define the term product

A

The molecule that results from enzyme action

54
Q

Describe a degradation reaction with an example

A

When large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules e.g.

55
Q

Describe a synthesis reaction with an example

A

When smaller molecules are built up into larger molecules e.g.

56
Q

State two factors that affect enzyme activity

A

Temperature and pH

57
Q

Define the term optimum

A

The condition at which an enzyme works best

58
Q

Define the term denatured

A

The change of shape of an enzymes active site due to high temperatures

59
Q

Explain why an enzyme becoming denatured affects the rate of reaction

A

The active site loses its shape and the enzyme can no longer fit with their specific substrate

60
Q

Define the term genetic engineering

A

The process by which DNA is transferred from one organism to another

61
Q

State two types of cells that can transfer DNA naturally

A

Bacterial cells and viruses

62
Q

Name the organism used in genetic engineering and the structure extracted from this organism

A

Animals

Chromosome is extracted

63
Q

Describe stage one of genetic engineering

A

The chromosome in the human cell is identified

64
Q

Describe stage two of genetic engineering

A

The required gene is removed from the human chromosome using enzymes

65
Q

Describe stage three of genetic engineering

A

The plasmid is identified in the bacterial

66
Q

Describe stage four of genetic engineering

A

The plasmid is removed from the bacterial cell and cut open with enzymes

67
Q

Describe stage five of genetic engineering

A

The gene is sealed into the plasmid

68
Q

Describe stage six of genetic engineering

A

The plasmid with the human gene is inserted back into the bacterial cell

69
Q

Describe stage seven of genetic engineering

A

The bacterial cell containing the plasmid with the human gene is grown

70
Q

Describe stage eight of genetic engineering

A

The product is extracted from bacterial cells

71
Q

Describe the role of enzymes in genetic engineering

A

They are used to cut pieces of DNA from one organism and put it into the gap in the DNA of another organism

72
Q

Define the term photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants make their own chemical food using light energy from the sun

73
Q

State the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water - light energy/chlorophyll - sugar + oxygen

74
Q

Name stage one of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent stage

75
Q

Name the pigment that traps light energy

A

Chlorophyll

76
Q

Describe the energy change that takes place in stage one of photosynthesis

A

Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP

77
Q

Describe what happens to water molecules in stage one of photosynthesis

A

Water molecules are broken down into oxygen and hydrogen

78
Q

State which products from stage one of photosynthesis are required for stage two of photosynthesis

A

Hydrogen and ATP

79
Q

Name the by-product of stage one of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

80
Q

Name stage two of photosynthesis

A

Carbon fixation stage

81
Q

State what controls stage two of photosynthesis

A

Enzymes

82
Q

State what is combined with the products from stage one to produce sugar in stage two of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide

83
Q

Give three fates of sugar

A

It can be converted into starch or cellulose and can be used for respiration

84
Q

Name three limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature

85
Q

Define the term respiration

A

The process by which chemical energy is released during the breakdown of a food such as glucose

86
Q

State the type of energy stored in ATP

A

Chemical energy

87
Q

Describe how energy is released from ATP

A

When the final phosphate bond is broken to make ADP

88
Q

Name the molecules produced following energy release

A

ADP + Pi

89
Q

State four uses of energy in cells

A

Growth, repair, mitosis and muscle contraction

90
Q

Describe how ATP is regenerated

A

When glucose is broken down during respiration, it releases energy that is used to regenerate ATP

91
Q

State the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy

92
Q

Name the molecule that is formed when glucose is broken down during respiration

A

Pyruvate

93
Q

State where aerobic respiration occurs in the cell

A 
Stage one (glycolysis) - cytoplasm
Stage two - mitochondria
94
Q

State the total number of ATP molecules produced when oxygen is available

A

38 ATP

95
Q

Name the end products of aerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide and water

96
Q

Give two examples of cells that require many mitochondria and why

A

Sperm cell - needs energy to swim to the egg

Muscle cell - makes up for all the muscles in the body

97
Q

Name the type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen

A

Fermentation

98
Q

State the number of ATP molecules produced in the absence of oxygen

A

2 ATP

99
Q

State the word equation for fermentation in animals

A

Glucose - pyruvate lactic acid

100
Q

Name the molecule produced as a result of fermentation in animals

A

Lactic acid

101
Q

State where fermentation occurs

A

Cytoplasm

102
Q

State the word equation for fermentation in plants and yeast

A

Glucose - pyruvate - carbon dioxide + ethanol

103
Q

Name the end products of fermentation in plants and yeast

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

104
Q

Explain why fermentation is reversible in animals but irreversible in plants

A

In plants, gas is made which automatically diffuses out of the cell

Biology (5 decks)

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