NASM Exam Ch 5-6

Question 1

The ___ ___ ___ includes an integration of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Answer 1

human movement system

Question 2

The ___ ___ provides sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

The ____ is the functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 3

neuron

Question 4

The ____ ____ includes the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system)

Answer 4

nervous system

Question 5

The ____ (somatic and autonomic nervous system) contains different types of sensory receptors such as mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

Answer 5

PNS

Question 6

The muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ are two important____ ____ (mechanoreceptors).

Answer 6

sensory receptors

Question 7

The PNS contains two subdivisions: the ____ and ____ nervous systems.

Answer 7

somatic and autonomic

Question 8

The nervous system requires different ____ for proper function, which include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.

Answer 8

electrolytes

Question 9

Motor skill development often occurs in three stages: ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 9

cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

Question 10

The ___ ___ develops as humans age from childhood to adulthood

Answer 10

nervous system

Question 11

The skeletal system has two divisions: ____ and ____.

Answer 11

axial and appendicular

Question 12

____ ____ act as attachment sites and levers (rigid rods) to produce movement when muscles contract.

Answer 12

Human bones

Question 13

Bone growth occurs throughout life and remodels itself with specialized cells called ____ and ____.

Answer 13

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 14

There are five categories of bones:___, ___, ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 14

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Question 15

The ___ ___ has five distinct regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

Answer 15

vertebral column

Question 16

In between each vertebra is an___ ___ that acts as a shock absorber and assists with movement.

Answer 16

intervertebral disc

Question 17

____ are formed by one bone articulating with another and can be categorized by their shape, structure, and function.

Answer 17

Joints

Question 18

____ describes bone movement, and ___ describes movement at

the joint surface.

Answer 18

Osteokinematics arthrokinematics

Question 19

___ ___ are unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective tissues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.

Answer 19

Synovial joints

Question 20

___ ___ have six classifications: gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot,
and ball-and-socket joints.

Answer 20

Synovial joints

Question 21

___ and ___ ___ can have a major positive impact on bone mass with the
aging adult.

Answer 21

Exercise and proper nutrition

Question 22

The ____ system links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body.

Answer 22

muscular

Question 23

Muscles have a complex structure that includes different layers of connective tissue that
surround the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 23

contractile muscle fibers

Question 24

____ consists of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments actin and myosin, which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory. Adenosine triphosphate is also needed to create energy for this process.

Answer 24

Myofibrils

Question 25

___-___ ___ describes the steps in the muscle contraction process
involving the nervous and muscular systems.

Answer 25

Excitation-contraction coupling

Question 26

The electrolyte calcium and neurotransmitter acetylcholine are involved in the
excitation-___-___ ___

Answer 26

contraction coupling process

Question 27

The all-or-nothing principle describes how a ___ ___ either maximally contracts or does not contract at all.

Answer 27

motor unit

Question 28

Muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with fewer ___ ___. Motor units involved in gross motor control have motor units with more___ ___.

Answer 28

innervated fibers

Question 29

____, slow-twitch, muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.

Answer 29

Type I

Question 30

____, fast-twitch, muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.

Answer 30

Type II

Question 31

The ____ system is comprised of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.

Answer 31

cardiorespiratory

Question 32

The ____ system is comprised of the respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory
muscles.

Answer 32

respiratory

Question 33

The heart is contained in an area referred to as the ____.

Answer 33

mediastinum

Question 34

A normal heart rate ranges from ___ to ___ beats per minute.

Answer 34

60 to 100

Question 35

Each side of the heart has two chambers: an ___ and a ___.

Answer 35

atrium and a ventricle.

Question 36

The body will___ the heart rate in response to exercise and ___ the heart rate during sleep.

Answer 36

increase decrease

Question 37

The _____ _____ system of the heart is responsible for its function and begins with the sinoatrial node, which is in the right atrium.

Answer 37

electrical conduction

Question 38

The___ ___ is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart and sends the electrical signal to the trioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles

Answer 38

sinoatrial node

Question 39

The right atrium gathers ___ blood returning to the heart from the body and
then sends it to the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation

Answer 39

deoxygenated

Question 40

The left atrium receives ___ blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle to be pumped out into the body.

Answer 40

oxygenated

Question 41

Special ___ are present in the heart to ensure that blood is pumped in a one-way
fashion.

Answer 41

valves

Question 42

The___ ___ transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the
lungs, whereas the pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
left atrium.

Answer 42

pulmonary artery

Question 43

As part of the normal integrated functioning of the ___ system, the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood pumped into the lungs from the right ventricle is ultimately expelled to the environment through normal expiration.

Answer 43

cardiorespiratory

Question 44

___ ___ is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Answer 44

Stroke volume

Question 45

___-___ ___ is the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction, whereas the ___-___ ___ is the amount of blood present in the ventricle after
contraction.

Answer 45

End-diastolic volume end-systolic volume

Question 46

___ ___ is ultimately a product of end-systolic volume minus end-diastolic volume.

Answer 46

Stroke volume

Question 47

___ ___ is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both heart rate and stroke volume.

Answer 47

Cardiac output

Question 48

Normal blood pressure is a systolic less than _____with a diastolic of less than ____.

Answer 48

120 mm Hg 80 mm Hg

Question 49

____ transport blood away from the heart to the body, whereas ___ transport blood back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues.

Answer 49

Arteries veins

Question 50

____ (___)is divided into two phases, referred to as inspiration and expiration.

Answer 50

Breathing (ventilation)

Question 51

The____ system is tasked with bringing in oxygen, filtering air from inspiration, and subsequently oxygenating blood from the heart as well as exhaling carbon dioxide

Answer 51

respiratory

Question 52

A normal respiratory rate is ___ to ___ breaths per minute and relies on the primary respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).

Answer 52

12 to 16

Question 53

During ___ ___, active contraction of respiratory muscles occurs, whereas
relaxation occurs during expiration

Answer 53

normal inspiration

Question 54

During forced or heavy breathing, expiratory ventilation relies on secondary muscles to
compress the ___ ___ and force air out.

Question 55

___ is a term used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment
to the body’s tissues

Answer 55

Diffusion

Question 56

Abnormal breathing patterns will affect exercise performance and may be identified by
shallow breaths, which often are associated with the use of secondary respiratory muscles (___ ___ ___).

Answer 56

sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, or scalenes)

Question 57

A respiratory rate of less than 8 breaths per minute would be considered too slow (____), whereas a rate of greater than 24 breaths per minute is considered too
high (____).

Answer 57

bradypnea tachypnea

Question 58

The ____ system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones.

Answer 58

endocrine

Question 59

When ____ are released into the bloodstream, they are protected by transporters, which carry them to the intended organ or structure, where they bind with a receptor to stimulate a particular function.

Answer 59

hormones

Question 60

The ____ and ____ glands control a majority of functions for the endocrine system.

Answer 60

hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 61

____, which is stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise and as a marker of overtraining.

Answer 61

Cortisol

Question 62

___ and ___ both function to control blood glucose levels and work opposite to each other; glucagon aids in the metabolism of glucose, and insulin aids in the cellular uptake and storage of glucose.

Answer 62

Insulin and glucagon

Question 63

The ____, which consists of epinephrine and norepinephrine, are immediately stimulated from the adrenal medulla in response to exercise.

Answer 63

catecholamines

Question 64

____, considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood sugar and sleep.

Answer 64

Cortisol,

Question 65

Although ____ levels decline with age, they can be stimulated through intense exercise.

Answer 65

testosterone

Question 66

Growth hormones are responsible for growth and development as well as ____ and are produced from the ____ gland.

Answer 66

lipolysis pituitary

Question 67

One of the most potent of the____ hormones is insulin-like growth factor, which is produced by the liver in response to growth hormones binding on liver receptors.

Answer 67

anabolic

Question 68

Testosterone, growth hormones, and insulin-like growth factors are stimulated in response to ____ resistance training as well as vigorous ____ activity (e.g., high-intensity training styles).

Answer 68

anaerobic aerobic

Question 69

____ hormones serve numerous functions in the body, including metabolism and increasing bone mineral density through the secretion of calcitonin.

Answer 69

Thyroid

Question 70

____ ____ is a necessary requirement for glucose metabolism, hormone function,
and muscle recovery.

Answer 70

Adequate sleep

Question 71

The _____ system consists of the oral cavity (head and mouth), the upper GI system (stomach, small intestine [duodenum, jejunum, and ileum], and the lower GI tract (large intestine, rectum, and anus), as well as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

Answer 71

digestive

Question 72

The _____ system is comprised of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.

Answer 72

cardiorespiratory

Question 73

Ingested foods and liquids are first processed in the oral cavity where mastication (the mechanical process of chewing and breaking down food) begins the ____ process.

Answer 73

digestive

Question 74

Once the food is broken down, it passes through the esophagus into the stomach where gastric juices aid in ____, kill bacteria, and turn food into ____, which is then passed into the small intestine.

Answer 74

digestion chyme

Question 75

The ____ intestine has a key function of absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, calcium,
amino acids, and iron. Additionally,___including water, are absorbed into the small intestines.

Answer 75

small electrolytes

Question 76

The ____ intestine absorbs electrolytes and vitamins and serves to pass waste from
nondigested food into the rectum.

Answer 76

large

Question 77

While fluids are absorbed into both the small and large intestine, the ___ intestine
uses water to help pass waste into the rectum.

Answer 77

large

Question 78

The liver, gall bladder, and pancreas produce and store ___ ___, which are
secreted into the small intestine to help with digestion.

Answer 78

digestive juices

Question 79

Evidence suggests that exercise can improve ___ function by increasing transit time of food from the upper to the lower GI tracts.

Answer 79

digestive

Question 80

Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes, which include the
. ___, ___, and ___ planes.

Answer 80

sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

Question 81

___ describes the observable movement of a limb, whereas ___
describes the movement taking place at the joint itself.

Answer 81

Osteokinematic arthrokinematics

Question 82

____ is described using biomechanical terminology that is universal to all
professions in the allied health industry.

Answer 82

Movement

Question 83

The ____ plane is an imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides.
Movements in the ____ plane include flexion and extension and plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle.

Answer 83

sagittal

Question 84

The____ plane bisects the body to create front and back halves. Movements in the
____ plane includes abduction and adduction of the limbs (relative to the trunk), lateral flexion of the spine, and eversion and inversion at the foot and ankle complex.

Answer 84

frontal

Question 85

The ____ plane bisects the body to create upper and lower halves. Movements in
the ____ plane include internal rotation and external rotation for the limbs, right
and left rotation for the head and trunk, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction
of the limbs, and radioulnar pronation and supination.

Answer 85

transverse

Question 86

Motions of the ____ include scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular
depression, and scapular elevation.

Answer 86

scapulae

Question 87

____ actions are described as isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic.

Answer 87

Muscle

Question 88

____ muscle actions can be broken down into the concentric and eccentric phases.

Answer 88

Isotonic

Question 89

Muscles can play the role of ___, ___, ___, or ____depending on the movement being performed.

Answer 89

agonist, synergist, stabilizer, or antagonist

Question 90

____-____ movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object, whereas
____-____ movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space.

Answer 90

Closed-chain open-chain

Question 91

Placing a muscle in a shortened position or lengthening a muscle beyond the optimal length may reduce force output because optimal length is the position with a maximal overlap of ___ and ___ filaments.

Answer 91

actin and myosin

Question 92

The stretch-shortening cycle involves three phases, which include the ___ phase,
___ phase, and ___ phase.

Answer 92

eccentric, amortization, concentric

Question 93

The term ___-___ is used to describe muscles that work in a synergistic function
around a joint.

Answer 93

force-couple

Question 94

The local system involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine
and provide stability for the ___.

Answer 94

muscular LPHC

Question 95

The global muscle system can be broken down into subsystems, which include the ___, ___, ___, and ___ subsystems.

Answer 95

deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral

Question 96

The ___ describes the integrated function of muscle groups to transfer force for complex multi-joint movements and stabilization of the HMS.

Answer 96

subsystems

Question 97

The amount of force produced by the ___ relies on not only muscle recruitment but
also the lever type of the joint that is moving.

Answer 97

HMS

Question 98

\_\_\_ systems are classified as first, second, and third class. Third-class \_\_\_ are the 
most predominate levers in the human body.

Answer 98

Lever levers

Question 99

___ ___ describe the cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the
nervous system to complete a given movement pattern.

Answer 99

Muscle synergies

Question 100

____is the intrinsic awareness of movement and body position in space.

Answer 100

Proprioception

Question 101

____ can come from internal or external sources and aids the process of motor
learning.

Answer 101

Feedback

Question 102

___ ___ is the integration of motor control processes, with practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Answer 102

Motor learning

Question 103

The human body needs a constant supply of ___ to function properly and meet the
demands of exercise.

Answer 103

energy

Question 104

The energy molecule used to do cellular work is called ____ ____ ,
and it is made from food substrates consumed in the diet.

Answer 104

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 105

The first law of ___ states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form into another.

Answer 105

thermodynamics

Question 106

The fuels used to create ___ are glucose from carbohydrates, free fatty acids from fat, amino acids from protein, and ketone bodies. These fuels are mostly obtained through the diet.

Answer 106

ATP

Question 107

____ in the diet are broken down into glucose, which can produce ATP quickly
via the process of glycolysis.

Answer 107

Carbohydrates

Question 108

___ is stored in the form of ___; the amount of ___ that can be stored in
the body is much less than the amount of fat that can be stored.

Answer 108

Glucose glycogen