NASM Chapter 5 brainscape Flashcards
Abduction
Movement of a body part away from the middle of the body.
Adduction
Movement of a body part toward the middle of the body.
Anatomic Position
the position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward. the anatomic position is of importance to anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Anterior [or ventral]
on the front of the body
Biomechanics
the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in the (shortening of muscle)
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Eccentric Muscle Action
an eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while (lengthening)
Extension (Extend)
The straightening of a joint, causing the angle to the joint to increase.
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Flexion (Contract)
The bending of a joint, causing the angle to the joint to decrease.
Frontal Plane
divides the body into front and back halves
Horizontal Abduction
movement of the arm or thigh across the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal Adduction
movement of the arm or thigh across the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Hyperextension
extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Inferior
positioned below a point of reference
internal rotation
rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Ipsilateral
positioned on the same side of the body
Isokinetic Muscle Action
when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isometric Muscle Action
when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
Isotonic
Constant muscle tension; force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion
Lateral
positioned toward the outside of the body
Medial
positioned near the middle of the body
Posterior [or dorsal]
on the back of the body
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into right and left halves
scapular depression
downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
scapular elevation
upward (superior) motion of the scapula
Scapular Protraction
abduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
scapular retraction
adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference.
transverse plane
divides the body into top and bottom halves
Concentric Muscle Action
“LIFTING” movement of a exercise
Eccentric Muscle Action
“LOWERING” movement
Overactive Muscle (Tight)
do more than they should
these muscle are TIGHT and SHORT
need to be stretched to get back to their ideal length
fire at the wrong time, intensity, in wrong plane, wrong joint
Underactive Muscles (Weak)
these muscles are WEAK and OVERSTRETCHED
too much length
fire at the wrong time, intensity, in wrong plane, wrong joint
Joint Movement
Flexion-bending movement - decrease in angle (contract)
Extension - Straightening movement -increase in angle (extend)
Muscle Movement
Concentric- shorten- lifting stage; Eccentric- lengthen- lowering stage
Frontal Plane: narrative
Imagine walls in front and in back of you. The ONLY movement this would allow is along that plane: sideways movement
Sagittal Plane: narrative
Imagine wall on your right and left side; The ONLY movement this would allow is along that plane: front-and-back movement
Transverse Plane: narrative
no narrative given for this
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Torque
A force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Sensorimotor integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
