NASM Chapter 3 Flashcards
CardioRespiratory System
A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Cardiovascular System
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction.
What does the cardiovascular system provide the kinetic chain?
Together they provide the tissues of the kinetic chain with oxygen (O2), nutrients, protective agents, and a means to remove waste by-products.
Where is the heart positioned?
It is positioned obliquely in the center of the chest (or thoracic cavity), lying anteriorly to the spine and posteriorly to the sternum.
Mediastinum
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest, except the lungs.
What is the size and weight of the typical adult heart?
The adult heart is approximately the size of a typical adult fist and weighs roughly 300 g (approximately 10 oz).
What is another term for the heart muscle?
Cardiac muscle, and it is considered an involuntary muscle.
What is the typical heart rate of a person?
70 to 80 beats per min.
What is the heart composed of?
The heart is composed of four hollow chambers that are delineated into two interdependent (but separate) pumps on either side.These two pumps are separated by interatrial septum (separates the atria) and interventricular septum (separates the ventricles). Each side of the heart has two chambers: an atrium and a ventricle.
Atrium
The superior (smaller) chamber of the heart that recieves blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles.
What does the right atrium gather?
The right atrium gethers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body.
What does the left atrium gather?
The left atrium gathers reoxygenated blood coming to the heart from the lungs.
Ventricles
The inferior (larger) chamber of the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries.
What does the right ventricle receive?
The right ventricle recieves the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and then pumps it to the lungs to be saturated with incoming oxygen.
What does the left ventricle receive?
The left ventricle receives the reoxygenated blood from the left atrium and proceeds to pump it to the entire body.
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood that is pumped out with each contraction of a ventricle.
What is the typical stroke volume of an adult?
75-80 mL/beat
Heart Rate (HR)
The rate with which the heart pumps. 70-80 bpm
Cardiac Output (Q)
The combination of how many times the heart beats per min and how much blood is being pumped out with each beat. The overall performance of the heart.
HR * stroke volume; typically ~4900mL/min.
Blood
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products.
Blood constitutes how much percentage of our total weight?
8%.
How much blood does the average person hold roughly?
About 4-6 liters (roughly 1.5 gallons).
What mechanisms do blood support?
Transportation, regulation, and protection.
What function does the blood take in the transportation mechanism?
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transports waste products from tissues, transports hormones to organs and tissues, and finally carries the heat through out the body.
What function does blood take in the regulation mechanism?
Regulates body temperature and acid balance in the body.
What function does blood take in the protection mechanism?
Protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting. Contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease and sickness.
Where do you place the two fingers to take a heart rate?
Place fingers around the palm side of the wrist (about one inch from the top of wrist on the thumb side).
What are the 6 factors that may affect resting heart rate?
Digestion, mental activity, enviromental temperature, biological rhythms, body position, and cardiorespiratory fitness.
When are the best times to take resting heart rate?
The best time to take resting heart rate is at waking, or at the very least, after 5 min of complete rest.
When taking a pulse during exercise, for how many seconds do we count beats?
You count beats for 6 seconds, and then simply just add a zero at the end or multiply it by ten.
Blood Vessels
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels, which connect venules with arterioles.
Arterioles
Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries.
Venules
The very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins.
Respiratory system
A system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream.
Respiratory pump
Is composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.
Bones - sternum, ribs, vertebrae
Inspiration
the process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.
muscles - diaphragm, external intercostals; (secondary muscles in shallow breathing) scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, upper trapezius
Expiration
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.
muscles - internal intercostals, abdominals
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max )
The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion; could be 11-23 METs
Sinoatrial (SA) node
A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; pacemaker for the heart.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.
