NASM Chapter 2 brainscape Flashcards
Kinetic chain
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Nervous system
The communication network within the body.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal of external environment.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Neurons
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Effector sites
Muscles, organs, and other neurons.
Central nervous system
Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors similar to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Joint receptors
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
Skeletal system
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Joints
The movable junction where two or more bones meet
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Depression
Flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Process
Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Articulation
Where two bones come together (joint).
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
T/F: “The movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others.”
TRUE. If you understand this concept then you are well on your way to understanding true kinetic chain movement. If one joint is not working properly, it will affect the other joints it works with.
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Nonsynovial joint
Characteristic: No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Synovial joint
Characteristic: Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue KNEE
Gliding joint
Characteristic: No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth CARPALS OF THE HAND
Condyloid joint
Characteristic: Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane KNEE
Hinge joint
Characteristic: Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal) elbow
Saddle joint
Characteristic: One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal)
Pivot joint
Characteristic: Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)
Ball-and-socket joint
Characteristic: Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion
Muscular system
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating secretions of actin and myosin
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Sliding filament theory
A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber
Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition
Contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria (which transform energy from from into ATP, or cellular energy), and myoglobin, which allows for improved delivery of oxygen.
Myoglobin
is similar to hemoglobin, the red pigment found in red blood cells, and therefore type I muscle fibers are often referred to as red fibers. These muscles are smaller in diameter, slower to produce maximal tension, and more resistant fatigue. Think back muscles holding a sitting posture for several hours.
Type II - Flat Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition
Subdivided into IIa and IIb based on their chemical and mechanical properties. They generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Type II muscle fibers are often referred to as white fibers.
Type IIb muscle fibers have a
low oxidative capacity (ability to use oxygen) and fatigue quickly. Type IIa muscle fibers have a higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly than type IIb. These muscles are large in size, quick to produce maximal tension, and fatigue more quickly than type I fibers. Think muscles for movements requiring force and power, like those needed for performing a sprint.
Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics
More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Type II - Flat Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics
Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Muscle Type - Agonist
Muscle Function: Prime mover
immediately surrounds muscle
epimysium
each fascicle is surrounded by
perimysium
each fascicle is made up of many individual muscle fibers that are wrapped by connective tissue called
endomysium
growth hormone is released by the_____and regulated by the _________
pituitary gland & hypothalamus
known as the master gland of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
