NASM-CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Human Movement System
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Neuron
Functional unit of the nervous system.
provides it with ability to communicate internally with itself as well as externally with environment.
Transmits impulses through both electrical and chemical signals. Forms the core of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia.
Axon
cylendrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites(muscles, organs). Provides communication from brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
Dendrites
gather information from other structures and transmit it back into the neuron.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulses from effector sites(muscles, organs) to the brain and spinal cord.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. Hence INTER neuron. Between neurons.
Motor (efferent) neurons
transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands.
Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and its primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body and the external environment. Nerves of PNS are how CNS receives sensory input(from sensory afferent neurons) and initiates responses(through motor efferent neurons).
The PNS serve two main functions
They provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different effector(organ, muscle) sites. Second they relay information from effector(organ, muscle) sites back to the brain via sensory receptors, providing constant update to the relation of the body and the environment.
somatic nervous system
nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are responsible for the voluntary control of movement. So somatic is what controls your biceps and legs and whatnot.
autonomic nervious system
supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body, like your heart. Autonomic, auto, think autopilot, you don’t have conscious control over the autonomic process.
sympathetic system
increases the activation level of neurons in preparation for activity(ramps you up)
parasympathetic
ramps your system down, decreases levels of activation.
Sensory receptors
specialized structures that convert environmental stimuli(heat, sound, taste, etc) into sensory information for the brain.
Mechanoreceptors
specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves. Respond to outside forces such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion. Senses distortions in body tissues.
Muscle Spindles
Sensory receptors, run parallel to muscle fibers. Are sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of length change. Help regulate the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism. This mechanism is a normal response to the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle, it is designed to protect and prevent overstretching and muscle damage.
Gogli Tendon Organs(GTOs) –
Specialized sensory receptors located where the skeletal muscle fibers attach to the tendons. Sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. Activiating the Gogli tendon organ causes the muscle to relax which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or injury.
Joint receptors
located around joint capsule, respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. Signals extreme joint positions and thus helps prevent injury.
Skeletal System
Body’s framework, composed of bones and joints. Provides shape and focus for bodies. Produces blood for the body and stores minerals. Growth, maturation, and functionality of skeletal system are greatly affected by posture, physical activity, and nutrition.
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissues at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation.
Axial Skeleton
Portion of skeletal system that consists of skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. Think torso and head. 80 bones.
Appendicular Skeleton
Portion of skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremeties. Arms, legs. Think appendage, appendicular, arms, legs. 126 bones.
How many bones are there in the skeletal system?
206 bones in the skeletal system, 177 used in voluntary movement
How many joints in the body?
, more than 300 joints in the body
Remodeling
Process of resorption and formation of bone. Old bone is broken down and removed by osteoclasts, new bone is laid down by cells called osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Bone cell that removes bone tissue. Clast. Clap. You want to get rid of the clap. Osteoclasts get rid of bone.
Osteoblasts
Bone cell that forms bone. Blast. You like having a blast. You like building bone. Osteoblasts build bone.
Long bones
long cylindrical body, irregular or widended ends. Shaped like a beam and have slight curvature. Predominantly composed of compact bone tissue for strength and stiffness. Has considerable amount of spongy tissue for shock absorption.
Epiphysis
End of long bones, mainly composed of cancellous bone and house much of the red marrow involve din red blood cell production. One of primary sites for bone growth.
Knobby end looking parts of the bone.
Diaphysis
Main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. Long part. Compact bone(strong).
Epiphyseal Plate
Region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. A layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Periosteum
Dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Depressions –
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach. Part that sticks out on bones. Where there is a depression on both sides will generally be processes.
Vertebral Column
Backbone, spinal column, series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses spinal cord.
Arthrokinematics – Joint motion
Rolled, slide, and spin. Motions rarely occur in isolation. Rolling movement – bicycle roll on street. Sliding – tire skidding on street. Spinning movement – twisting lid off a jar.
Synovial joints
Held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body. 80% of all joints in the body, have greatest capacity for motion. Produce synovial fluid, resembles egg whites and works like engine oil.
Nonsynovial joints
o not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage. Exhibit little to no movement, seen in skull, distal joint of tibia and fibula
Ligaments
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Muscular system
series of muscles that move the skeleton. Muscles generate internal tension, under control of nervous system, manipulates bones to produce movements. Movers and stabilizers.
Epimysium
layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle. Inner layer immediately surrounding the muscle. Fascia and epimysium are connected to bone to help form muscle’s tendon.
Perimysium
connective tissue that surrounds fascicle
Endomysium
deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Sarcomere
functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Neural Activation –
Contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Motor Unit
Motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synpase) to transmit electrical impulses from nerve to the muscle.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
what is used by neuromuscular system. Once attached ACh stimulates fibers to go through a series of steps that initiates muscle contractions.
Type I(slow twitch)
contain large number of capillaries, mitochondria(transforms energy from food into ATP), myoglobin(increased delivery of oxygen). Red fibers
Type II(fast-twitch)
subdivided into Type IIa and Type IIx. Contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. White fibers.
Agonist muscles
act as prime movers. They are most responsible for a particular movement.
Synergist muscles
assist prime movers. Synergist, think synergy. Assists with
Stabilizer
support and stabilize the body.
Antagonist muscles
perform opposite action of prime mover.
Endocrine System
System of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream to regulate variety of bodily functions. Mood, growth, development, tissue function, and metabolism.
Thyroid
produces hormones that regulate metabolism and affect growth
Adrenal glands
secret hormones – corticosteroids, catecholamines, cortisol, adrenaline in response to stress.
Pituitary, “master” gland
Controls functions of other endocrine glands
Primary endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Glucose
primary energy source during vigorous exercise. Glucose principal fuel for the brain. Too much glucose can damage vascular system. Control of glucose regulated by pancreas – producing insulin and glucagon.
Insulin
Regulate energy and glucose metabolism. Glucose rich blood is circulated through pancreas, elevated levels of glucose trigger release of insulin. Circulating insulin binds with receptors in skeletal muscle and liver cells and cell membranes become more permeable to glucose. Glucose then diffuses from bloodstream into cell resulting in drop in blood glucose. Thus insulin causes fat, liver, muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in liver and muscle.
Glucagon
Opposite effect of insulin, functions to raise blood glucose by triggering release of glycogen stores from liver. Drop in circulating blood glucose triggers release of glucagon from pancreas.
Catecholamines
two, epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Produced by adrenal glands(on top of each kidney). Help prepare body for activity. Fight or flight. Hypothalamus triggers adrenals to secrete epinephrine for fight.
Epinephrine
increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens up airways.
Testosterone
– produced in testes in males, ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Males produce up to 10x more. Fundamental role in growth and repair of tissue. Estrogen produced in ovaries in female and small amounts in adrenals in males.
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone. Secreted by adrenals, serves to maintain high energy supply. Chronic cortisol can lead to significant breakdown of muscle tissue.
Growth Hormone
Released from pituitary, regulated by hypothalamus. Stimulated by several factors: estrogen, testosterone, deep sleep, vigorous exercise. Primary anabolic hormone responsible for most of growth and development during childhood until puberty when primary sex hormones take over. Increases development of bone, muscle tissue, and protein synthesis. Increases fat burning and strengthens immune systme.
