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Head and Neck Anatomy > Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Ear > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

external, middle and internal

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2
Q

What bone is most of the ear located within?

A

temporal bone (except most of the external ear)

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3
Q

What can the external ear be subdivided into?

A

the auricle (pinna) and the external acoustic meatus (EAM)

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4
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

gathers and modifies sounds, and then transmits sounds to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) via the external acoustic meatus.

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5
Q

Describe the external ear’s structure and capabilities.

A

a cartilaginous sound receptacle, capable of modifying sound by means of its shape, which can be altered by a series of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles controlled by the facial n.

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6
Q

Where does the EAM extend to and from?

A

approximately 2.5 cm from the concha of the auricle to the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Which portion of the EAM is cartilaginous? What is the rest?

A

the proximal third is cartilaginous, the other 2/3 is osseous

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8
Q

What does the tympanic membrane separate?

A

external meatus from the tympanic cavity

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9
Q

What is the fibrous portion of the tympanic membrane associated with? What is it covered with medially and laterally?

A

tympanic plate of the temporal bone and is covered laterally by epidermis and medially by the mucous membrane of the middle ear

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10
Q

What is the larger portion of the tympanic membrane referred to as?

A

the tense part

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11
Q

What is the “flaccid” part of the tympanic membrane?

A

the anterosupeior corner

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12
Q

What is the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane bound by?

A

anterior and posterior mallear folds

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13
Q

How can you examine the tympanic membrane?

A

in vivo with an otoscope speculum

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14
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The middle ear is mucosa-lined space within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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15
Q

What is the middle ear’s function?

A

The middle ear conducts sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea of the inner ear.

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16
Q

What three ossicles aid the middle ear in conducting sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea of the inner ear?

A

malleus, incus, & stapes

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17
Q

What are the surfaces of the tympanic cavity?

A

roof & floor, medial & lateral walls, and anterior & posterior walls

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18
Q

What structures is the roof of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

canal for tensor tympani m. and

atticus - part of the tegmen tympani that attaches to incus & stapes

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19
Q

What is the roof of the tympanic cavity also referred as?

A

tegmen tympani

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20
Q

What is the floor of the tympanic cavity referred to as?

A

jugular wall

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21
Q

What structures is the floor of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

tympanic canaliculus and accessory mastoid air cells

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22
Q

What structures is the medial wall of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

from superior to inferior:
prominence of lateral semicircular canal (shared with posterior wall) =
facial prominence (shared with posterior wall) - bone outer border for facial canal =
oval window (fenestra vestibuli) - communication to vestibule of inner ear; receives footplate of stapes =
promontory & tympanic plexus =
round window (fenestra rotundum) - communication to cochlea; covered by a secondary tympanic membrane, which allows for cochlear fluid expansion

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23
Q

What structures is the posterior was of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

entrance (aditus) to mastoid antrum - communication with the mastoid air cells =
prominence of lateral semicircular canal (shared with medial wall) =
facial prominence (shared with medial wall) - bone outer border for facial canal =
pyramidal eminence - contains the stapedius m. & transmits the tendon of stapedius m. anteriorly to the neck of the stapes =
opening for chorda tympani - from facial canal

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24
Q

What structures is the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

tympanic membrane with manubrium of malleus attached - tensor tympani m. attached to manubrium of malleus
chorda tympani - surrounded by malleus (superolaterally), incus (superomedially), and tensor tympani m. (inferiorly)

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25
Q

What does the inner ear consist of, and what is it responsible for?

A

a bony apparatus lined by a series of membrane-lined bony passages which facilitate hearing and balance

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26
Q

How does the osseous tissue of the boney apparatus of the inner ear compare to that of the petrous of the temporal bone?

A

it is more dense

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27
Q

What is the central part of the bony apparatus referred to as?

A

the vestibule

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28
Q

What communications does the vestibule share with the inner ear?

A

the oval and round windows (fenestra vestibuli, and fenestra rotundum)

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29
Q

What is contained in the vestibule? What do they do?

A

vestibular sacs. They detect linear acceleration of the head to promote balance

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30
Q

What is the anteromedial portion of the bony apparatus referred to as? What is it shaped like? What does it do?

A

the cochlea : a snail shell : facilitates hearing

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31
Q

The parts of the bony apparatus include the vestibule, cochlea, and the ________________.

A

anterior, medial, and lateral semicircular canals

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32
Q

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

A

the detect angular acceleration of the head to promote balance

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33
Q

Where are the external/internal ears in relation to the TMJ and oropharynx?

A

they are posterior to the TMJ and oropharynx

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34
Q

What two openings transfer nerves from the middle ear and TMJ?

A

the petrotympanic fissure, and the tympanic canaliculus

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35
Q

What does the petrotympanic fissure transmit?

A

the chorda tympani (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial n. bound for the submandibular ganglion)

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36
Q

What does the tympanic canaliculus transmit?

A

the tympanic n. (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal bound for the otic ganglion)

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37
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

the pharyngotympanic tube

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38
Q

Where are the connections of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

from the chamber of the middle ear, to the nasopharynx

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39
Q

What do the communications of the pharyngotympanic tube allow for?

A

equalization of pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx and draining of materials from the middle ear

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40
Q

How can an inner ear infection occur? What is it called?

A

otitis media can be caused by pathogens ascending the pharyngotympanic tube and beyond.

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41
Q

Although the middle ear is an air-filled cavity, unlike the external auditory canal _____________________________.

A

it is not in direct contact with the external atmosphere

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42
Q

What do the ossicles of the middle ear form?

A

a chain of bones that transmit sound via vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window (receives footplate of stapes). Each connected by its own synovial joint to the next

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43
Q

What is the shape of the malleus

A

Hammer shaped (head, neck, and manubrium)

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44
Q

What is the manubrium of the malleus attached to?

A

the tympanic membrane

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45
Q

What muscle has an attachment on the malleus? Where?

A

the tensor tympani : the neck

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46
Q

What does the malleus articulate with? What part of the malleus does?

A

the incus : the head

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47
Q

What is the malleus in close association with?

A

the chorda tympani

48
Q

how large is the malleus?

A

the largest of the ossicles (still smallest bones in the body)

49
Q

What is the shape of the incus?

A

anvil-shaped (body, short limb, long limb, facet for malleus)

50
Q

What portion of the incus articulates with the malleus?

A

the facet for malleus

51
Q

What portion of the incus articulates with the stapes?

A

the lenticular process of the long limb

52
Q

What is the shape of the stapes?

A

stirrup-shaped (head, neck, anterior and posterior crura, and footplate)

53
Q

What does the stapes articulate with?

A

the incus

54
Q

What muscle attaches to the stapes? Where?

A

the stapedius m. : the neck

55
Q

What is the stapes associated with on the medial side? What part is associated with it?

A

the oval window : the footplate

56
Q

What is the size of the stapes bone?

A

it is the smallest of the ossicles

57
Q

What do the ossicles of the ear work akin to?

A

a step up transformer

58
Q

How do the ossicles help facilitate hearing?

A

air, membrane, bone, and fluid are all contained in the ear, each with different innate resistance to conduct sound (acoustic impedance). the ossicles bridge the gap of acoustic impedances to facilitate hearing

59
Q

Where does evidence show the ossicles evolved from?

A

lower jaw bones of ray-finned fishes and non-mammalian amniotes

60
Q

What facets of science show the development from jaw bone to ossicle?

A

embryology, paleontology, and phylogenetics.

61
Q

What are the muscles of the inner ear that associate with the ossicles?

A

the tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.

62
Q

What affect does the tensor tympani have on the malleus?

A

pulls it medially thereby tensing up the tympanic membrane and reducing the amplitude of its oscillations that could lead to damage of the inner ear

63
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

the medial pterygoid br. of V3 (trunk)

64
Q

What affect does the stapedius m. have on the stapes?

A

pulls it posteriorly, tilting the base of the stapes in the oval window. This tightens the anular ligament and reduces the oscillatory range.

65
Q

What nerve innervates the stapedius m.?

A

nerve to the stapedius (CN VII)

66
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the stapedius m.?

A

pyramidal eminence (posterior wall) : neck of stapes

67
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the tensor tympani m.?

A

Cartilaginous portion of pharyngotympanic tube & greater wing of sphenoid : manubrium of malleus

68
Q

Where are the vibrations from the ossicles transmitted to?

A

through the oval window (fenestra vestibuli) to the vestibule and membranous passages of the cochlear duct

69
Q

What happens with the fluid in the inner ear?

A

The fluid of the cochlear duct continues the conduction of vibrations, and the round window allows for expansion of the vibrating fluid

70
Q

How do the vibrations turn in to sound preserved by the brain?

A

specialized sound receptors (hair cells) transform vibrations into neural action potentials

71
Q

What is the greater petrosal n.’s relationship with the middle ear?

A

Never enters the middle ear, but courses superior to the tympanic cavity in the vicinity of the stapedius m.

72
Q

What are the superior and middle nasal conchae?

A

The superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) are scroll shaped components of the ethmoid bone located on the later wall of the nasal cavity

73
Q

What are the sizes of the nasal conchae?

A

the superior is the smallest, middle is intermediate, and inferior is largest

74
Q

What bone are the inferior nasal conchae a component of?

A

they are not a component of any bone

75
Q

What extra concha is sometimes present?

A

occasionally there are highest (supreme) nasal conchae

76
Q

Where would the supreme nasal conchae be if they were present?

A

within the sphenoethmoidal recess

77
Q

What lines the nasal conchae?

A

a thick lining of nasal mucosa

78
Q

What are the functions of nasal conchae?

A

increase surface area of nasal cavity, humidification and filtration of inspired air, and direction of airflow

79
Q

What are the 4 meatuses (recesses) associated with the nasal conchae?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess : Superior nasal meatus : Middle nasal meatus : and Inferior nasal meatus

80
Q

Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located?

A

superior to the superior nasal concha

81
Q

Where is the superior nasal meatus?

A

between the superior and middle nasal conchae

82
Q

Where is the middle nasal meatus?

A

between the middle and inferior nasal conchae

83
Q

Where is the inferior nasal meatus?

A

below the inferior nasal concha

84
Q

What opening is located within the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A

the opening of the sphenoidal sinus

85
Q

What is located within the superior nasal meatus?

A

the openings of the posterior ethmoidal cells

86
Q

What sinus openings are found within the middle nasal meatus?

A

middle ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal cells

87
Q

What important structures are located within the middle nasal meatus?

A

the ethmoidal bulla, semilunar hiatus, and the ethmoidal infundibulum

88
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulla?

A

a noticeable projection just inferior to the middle nasal concha, caused by the middle ethmoidal cells

89
Q

What is the semilunar hiatus?

A

a slit like opening inferior to the ethmoidal bulla that hosts openings for the anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinus.

90
Q

What does the semilunar hiatus expand into?

A

the anterosuperior portion expands into a funnel shaped opening: the ethmoidal infundibulum

91
Q

What drains into the ethmoidal infundibulum?

A

the frontonasal duct of the frontal sinus

92
Q

What is contained within the inferior nasal meatus?

A

the nasolacrimal duct

93
Q

What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity referred to as?

A

the nasal septum

94
Q

What three sources supply the nasal septum?

A

Anterior (anterior septal brs.) and posterior ethmoidal aa., sphenopalatine a. (posterior septal brs.), superior labial a. (nasal septal brs.), and greater palatine a.

95
Q

What arteries supply the superior nasal septum?

A

the anterior ethmoidal a. (via the anterior septal bus.) and posterior ethmoidal a.

96
Q

What arteries supply the posterior nasal septum?

A

the sphenopalatine a. (via the posterior septal brs.)

97
Q

What arteries supply the anterior nasal septum?

A

the superior labial a. (via the nasal septal brs.) and greater palatine a.

98
Q

What main arteries give the branches that supply the nasal septum?

A

Ophthalmic a. (anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa.), maxillary a. (sphenopalatine and greater palatine aa.), and the facial a. (superior labial a.)

99
Q

What is the anastomoses of the arteries of the nasal septum known as? Where does it happen?

A

Kiesselbach’s area : anterior nasal septum

100
Q

What is the term for a nose bleed?

A

epistaxis

101
Q

Where do most episodes of epistaxis occur?

A

kiesselbach’s area

102
Q

What nerves innervate the nasal septum?

A

Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2)

103
Q

How does V1 supply the nasal septum?

A

V1 > anterior ethmoidal n. > internal nasal brs. > medial nasal brs.

104
Q

How does V2 supply the nasal septum?

A

nasopalatine n., and posterior superior medial nasal brs.

105
Q

What nerve innervates most of the nasal septum?

A

the nasopalatine n. (V2)

106
Q

What area of the septum does the posterior superior medial brs. innervate?

A

a small part of the nasal roof and superior part of the septum

107
Q

What area of the septum does the medial nasal brs. innervate?

A

the anterior portion of the nasal septum

108
Q

Where do the special sensory fibers that serve the nasal cavity originate from? how do they enter the nasal cavity?

A

from the olfactory n. : branches descend inferiorly from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

109
Q

What arteries supply the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Same that supply the medial wall, with different branches: anterior ethmoidal a. (via anterior lateral septal brs.) and posterior ethmoidal a., sphenopalatine a. (via posterior lateral nasal aa.), and facial a. (via lateral nasal br.)

110
Q

What nerves innervate the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Ophthalmic and maxillary n.

111
Q

How does the ophthalmic n. serve the lateral nasal cavity?

A

V1 > anterior ethmoidal n. > internal nasal brs. > lateral nasal brs.

112
Q

how does V2 innervate the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

posterior superior lateral nasal brs., posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. (from greater palatine), nasal brs. of anterior superior alveolar n., internal nasal br. of infra-orbital n.

113
Q

What innervates the mid- to posterior aspects of the lateral nasal cavity?

A

the posterior superior, and posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. (inferior from greater palatine)

114
Q

What specifically does the posterior superior lateral nasal brs. innervate?

A

the superior and middle nasal meatuses

115
Q

What specifically does the posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. innervate?

A

the middle and inferior nasal meatuses

116
Q

What is the anterosuperior portion of the lateral nasal wall innervated by?

A

the lateral nasal brs. (anterior ethmoidal > internal nasal > lateral nasal)

117
Q

what is the anteroinferior portion of the lateral nasal wall innervated by?

A

nasal brs. and internal nasal brs.

Head and Neck Anatomy (15 decks)

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