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Resp Physiology > Nasal Cavity Function + Intro > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity Function + Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What drives O2 across alveolar membrane

A

Partial pressure

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2
Q

Is the pressure higher or lower at higher altitudes

A

P is lower

Arterial content of O2 is lower

Hb conc increases

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3
Q

what does Qº mean

A

Blood flow OVER TIME

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4
Q

What are the conducting zone airways

A

Trachea -> terminal bronchioles

1st 16 generations

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5
Q

What are the transitional/respiratory zone airways

A

Resp bronchioles -> alveolar sacs

Last 7 generations

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6
Q

Functions of conducting zone

A

Heating, humidifying and filtering inspired air

delivery of air

upper airway resistance

NO GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS IN CONDUCTING ZONE

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7
Q

Effect of O2 equilibrium on gas exchange

A

DOES NOT STOP gas exchange

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8
Q

What travels into and out of alveoli (non-ciliated)

A

Macrophages - remove particles by lymphatics and blood flow

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9
Q

What pressure pushes fluid into alveoli

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

What pressure pushes fluid out of alveoli

A

Oncotic pressure

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11
Q

Effect of fluid filled alveoli on gas exchange

A

No gas exchange due to decrease in oncotic P

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12
Q

When does a baby produce surfactant

A

@ 28 weeks

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13
Q

Non-pulmonary functions of respiratory system

A
  • Control of pH in EC fluid - blood and ISF

pH => CO2 and bicarbonate

pH = 6.1 + log10 ([HCO3-]/0.03 x pCO2)

  • Behavioural - phonation
  • Defense - humidifcation, IGs, Lysozymes, complement system
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14
Q

4 consequences of infection

A
  1. Granuloma formation
  2. Phagocytosis of bacilli - NO production
  3. Increase in IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) and TNF-alpha (WBCs)
  4. TLR 2/3 (recognises 2x stranded DNA)/4 - recognise patterns on microbes
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15
Q

4 consequences of asthma

A
  1. DC activation
  2. Increase in M2
  3. IL-10
  4. Chemokines - eosinophils, basophils
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16
Q

3 consequences of COPD

A

Impaired TLR2

Impaired phagocytes

Increase in IL-8, TNF-alpha, ROS

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17
Q

6 ways normal macrophage function could be impaired

A
  1. Inhaled gases - ozone, cigarette smoke
  2. Toxic particles e.g. silica
  3. Alveolar hypoxia
  4. Radiation
  5. Corticosteroids
  6. Alcohol ingestion
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18
Q

How are small particles lodged in conducting airways removed

What happens if there are no Cl- ions secreted

A
  • A stream of mucus propelled by ciliary action, moving them upwards towards epiglottis to be swallowed
  • Mucus does not move and traps microbes in respiratory tract => persistent infections
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19
Q

CF - type of disorder

what is it a mutation of

A

Autosomal recessive heterogneous genetic disorder

Mutation of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) - chromosome 7

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20
Q

What is the CFTR protein

where is it found

A

cAMP regulated Cl- channel

Regulates other ion channels

=> those with CF have salty sweat

found in plasma membrane of epithelial cells

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of CF

A
  1. Increase in trans-epithelial electric PD
  2. Inhibits cAMP-dependent kinase and PKC-regulated Cl- transport
  3. Increase in Na+ transport, decrease in Cl- transport
  4. Decreased salt and water content in mucus
  5. Depeletes peri-ciliary liquid
  6. Mucus adheres to airways => decreased mucus clearing
  7. Pre-disposition to staph and pseudomonas infections
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22
Q

Functions of nasal cavity (5)

A
  1. Resp humidification
  2. Heating
  3. Resonating chamber - speech
  4. Olfactory receptors
  5. Sebaceous glands
23
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

Primary sensory epithelial cells - modified neurons

24
Q

What is the surface of an olfactory recptor coated with

A

Mucus secretions from olfactory glands

25
Pathway of info from olfactory receptor
Olfactory bulb 1. FRONTAL CORTEX - conscious perception of smell 2. HYPOTHALAMUS AMYGDALA - motivational and emotional aspects of smell 3. HIPPOCAMPUS - odour memory Ability decreases with age
26
What nerve fibres are found in the olfactory membrane
Trigeminal nerve fibres
27
Orthonasal
Nose -\> olfactory receptors -\> olfactory bulb -\> odour perception
28
Retronasal
Mouth -\> olfactory receptors -\> olfactory bulb -\> odour perception
29
What do the paranasal air sinuses do (7)
1. Serve as resonating chamber for voice 2. Decrease weight of skull 3. Warm and moisten inhaled air 4. Shock absorbers - trauma 5. Help control immune system 6. Regulate intranasal pressure 7. Contribute to facial growth
30
Deglutition
Swallowing - propulsion of food down the oesophagus
31
4 functions of the larynx
1. Deglutition 2. Protection 3. Pressure generation 4. Vocalisation
32
Protection (larynx)
Epiglottis closes over, preventing food to enter trachea
33
Pressure generation (larynx)
Valsalva - childbirth, defacation
34
Vocalisation (larynx) What is the size of the vocal cords influenced by
Vibration of vocal cords due to intermittent airflow the greater the pressure the louder to noise Size of vocal cords is influenced by testosterone
35
What are the factors influencing 1. Sound quality 2. Loudness
SOUND QUALITY Symmetrical vibration at midline of glottis LOUDNESS * Subglottic pressure * Glottic resistance * Transglottic airflow * Amplitude of vibration
36
What is the pleura
Flattened sac of serous membrane surrounding each lung
37
What does the parietal layer of pleura do with fluid
Secretes fluid
38
What does the visceral layer of pleura do with fluid
Resorbs fluid
39
How does the pleural cavity affect expansion of chest wall and lungs
Delay between expansion of chest wall and lungs
40
What is the intrapleural pressure like
Always negative compared to atm P =\> acts as a SUCTION to keep lungs inflated
41
What is the -ve IP due to (3)
SURFACE TENSION Water-air interface of alveolar fluid tends to pull each of the alveoli inward ABUNDANT ELASTIC TISSUE IN LUNGS Recoils and pulls lung inwards, creating -ve P ELASTIC THORACIC WALL Tends to pull away from lung, enlarging the pleural cavity and creating a -ve pressure
42
Functions of pleural fluid What is its normal vol
1. Prevents separation of pleura 2. Acts as a lunbricant between pleura 3. Facilitates lung movement 10-20 ml
43
What is a pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid within pleural space
44
Where is the pleural pressure most -ve
APEX
45
Where is the pleural pressure least -ve
Base
46
Which alveoli are bigger - apical or basal
Apical
47
what are pleural blebs Where are they more often found
Air pockets in pleural fluid More often in apex
48
Is inhalation passive or active
ALWAYS active Exhalation can be both
49
How much of inspiratory effort does the diaphragm account for
75% inspiratory effort
50
Muscles involved in quiet inhalation
Diaphragm and external ICs
51
When are accessory resp muscles activated
In forced inhalation and exhalation
52
What are the pressures driving ventilation
1. Alveolar pressure 2. Atmospheric pressure
53
What is transpulmonary pressure
Ptp = Palv - Pip

Resp Physiology (9 decks)

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