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Resp Physiology > Nasal Cavity Function + Intro > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity Function + Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What drives O2 across alveolar membrane

A

Partial pressure

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2
Q

Is the pressure higher or lower at higher altitudes

A

P is lower

Arterial content of O2 is lower

Hb conc increases

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3
Q

what does Qº mean

A

Blood flow OVER TIME

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4
Q

What are the conducting zone airways

A

Trachea -> terminal bronchioles

1st 16 generations

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5
Q

What are the transitional/respiratory zone airways

A

Resp bronchioles -> alveolar sacs

Last 7 generations

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6
Q

Functions of conducting zone

A

Heating, humidifying and filtering inspired air

delivery of air

upper airway resistance

NO GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS IN CONDUCTING ZONE

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7
Q

Effect of O2 equilibrium on gas exchange

A

DOES NOT STOP gas exchange

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8
Q

What travels into and out of alveoli (non-ciliated)

A

Macrophages - remove particles by lymphatics and blood flow

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9
Q

What pressure pushes fluid into alveoli

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

What pressure pushes fluid out of alveoli

A

Oncotic pressure

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11
Q

Effect of fluid filled alveoli on gas exchange

A

No gas exchange due to decrease in oncotic P

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12
Q

When does a baby produce surfactant

A

@ 28 weeks

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13
Q

Non-pulmonary functions of respiratory system

A
  • Control of pH in EC fluid - blood and ISF

pH => CO2 and bicarbonate

pH = 6.1 + log10 ([HCO3-]/0.03 x pCO2)

  • Behavioural - phonation
  • Defense - humidifcation, IGs, Lysozymes, complement system
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14
Q

4 consequences of infection

A
  1. Granuloma formation
  2. Phagocytosis of bacilli - NO production
  3. Increase in IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) and TNF-alpha (WBCs)
  4. TLR 2/3 (recognises 2x stranded DNA)/4 - recognise patterns on microbes
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15
Q

4 consequences of asthma

A
  1. DC activation
  2. Increase in M2
  3. IL-10
  4. Chemokines - eosinophils, basophils
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16
Q

3 consequences of COPD

A

Impaired TLR2

Impaired phagocytes

Increase in IL-8, TNF-alpha, ROS

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17
Q

6 ways normal macrophage function could be impaired

A
  1. Inhaled gases - ozone, cigarette smoke
  2. Toxic particles e.g. silica
  3. Alveolar hypoxia
  4. Radiation
  5. Corticosteroids
  6. Alcohol ingestion
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18
Q

How are small particles lodged in conducting airways removed

What happens if there are no Cl- ions secreted

A
  • A stream of mucus propelled by ciliary action, moving them upwards towards epiglottis to be swallowed
  • Mucus does not move and traps microbes in respiratory tract => persistent infections
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19
Q

CF - type of disorder

what is it a mutation of

A

Autosomal recessive heterogneous genetic disorder

Mutation of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) - chromosome 7

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20
Q

What is the CFTR protein

where is it found

A

cAMP regulated Cl- channel

Regulates other ion channels

=> those with CF have salty sweat

found in plasma membrane of epithelial cells

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of CF

A
  1. Increase in trans-epithelial electric PD
  2. Inhibits cAMP-dependent kinase and PKC-regulated Cl- transport
  3. Increase in Na+ transport, decrease in Cl- transport
  4. Decreased salt and water content in mucus
  5. Depeletes peri-ciliary liquid
  6. Mucus adheres to airways => decreased mucus clearing
  7. Pre-disposition to staph and pseudomonas infections
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22
Q

Functions of nasal cavity (5)

A
  1. Resp humidification
  2. Heating
  3. Resonating chamber - speech
  4. Olfactory receptors
  5. Sebaceous glands
23
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

Primary sensory epithelial cells - modified neurons

24
Q

What is the surface of an olfactory recptor coated with

A

Mucus secretions from olfactory glands

25
Q

Pathway of info from olfactory receptor

A

Olfactory bulb

  1. FRONTAL CORTEX - conscious perception of smell
  2. HYPOTHALAMUS AMYGDALA - motivational and emotional aspects of smell
  3. HIPPOCAMPUS - odour memory

Ability decreases with age

26
Q

What nerve fibres are found in the olfactory membrane

A

Trigeminal nerve fibres

27
Q

Orthonasal

A

Nose -> olfactory receptors -> olfactory bulb -> odour perception

28
Q

Retronasal

A

Mouth -> olfactory receptors -> olfactory bulb -> odour perception

29
Q

What do the paranasal air sinuses do (7)

A
  1. Serve as resonating chamber for voice
  2. Decrease weight of skull
  3. Warm and moisten inhaled air
  4. Shock absorbers - trauma
  5. Help control immune system
  6. Regulate intranasal pressure
  7. Contribute to facial growth
30
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing - propulsion of food down the oesophagus

31
Q

4 functions of the larynx

A
  1. Deglutition
  2. Protection
  3. Pressure generation
  4. Vocalisation
32
Q

Protection (larynx)

A

Epiglottis closes over, preventing food to enter trachea

33
Q

Pressure generation (larynx)

A

Valsalva - childbirth, defacation

34
Q

Vocalisation (larynx)

What is the size of the vocal cords influenced by

A

Vibration of vocal cords due to intermittent airflow

the greater the pressure the louder to noise

Size of vocal cords is influenced by testosterone

35
Q

What are the factors influencing

  1. Sound quality
  2. Loudness
A

SOUND QUALITY

Symmetrical vibration at midline of glottis

LOUDNESS

  • Subglottic pressure
  • Glottic resistance
  • Transglottic airflow
  • Amplitude of vibration
36
Q

What is the pleura

A

Flattened sac of serous membrane surrounding each lung

37
Q

What does the parietal layer of pleura do with fluid

A

Secretes fluid

38
Q

What does the visceral layer of pleura do with fluid

A

Resorbs fluid

39
Q

How does the pleural cavity affect expansion of chest wall and lungs

A

Delay between expansion of chest wall and lungs

40
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure like

A

Always negative compared to atm P

=> acts as a SUCTION to keep lungs inflated

41
Q

What is the -ve IP due to (3)

A

SURFACE TENSION

Water-air interface of alveolar fluid tends to pull each of the alveoli inward

ABUNDANT ELASTIC TISSUE IN LUNGS

Recoils and pulls lung inwards, creating -ve P

ELASTIC THORACIC WALL

Tends to pull away from lung, enlarging the pleural cavity and creating a -ve pressure

42
Q

Functions of pleural fluid

What is its normal vol

A
  1. Prevents separation of pleura
  2. Acts as a lunbricant between pleura
  3. Facilitates lung movement

10-20 ml

43
Q

What is a pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid within pleural space

44
Q

Where is the pleural pressure most -ve

45
Q

Where is the pleural pressure least -ve

46
Q

Which alveoli are bigger - apical or basal

47
Q

what are pleural blebs

Where are they more often found

A

Air pockets in pleural fluid

More often in apex

48
Q

Is inhalation passive or active

A

ALWAYS active

Exhalation can be both

49
Q

How much of inspiratory effort does the diaphragm account for

A

75% inspiratory effort

50
Q

Muscles involved in quiet inhalation

A

Diaphragm and external ICs

51
Q

When are accessory resp muscles activated

A

In forced inhalation and exhalation

52
Q

What are the pressures driving ventilation

A
  1. Alveolar pressure
  2. Atmospheric pressure
53
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure

A

Ptp = Palv - Pip

Resp Physiology (9 decks)

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