Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S3B1 Pathology > Nasal Cavity & Ear II > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity & Ear II Flashcards

1
Q

What aspect of the provided images indicate a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Left: keratin pearl

Right: Intercellular bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck?

A
  • Chronic smoking / alcohol use
  • Sunlight & pipe smoking
  • HPV 16 (oropharyngeal cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference in prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma that is HPV (+) vs. HPV (-)?

A

HPV 16 (+) have greater long-term survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

What features of the photos indicate this diagnosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

L: ulceration & induration of the oral mucosa

R: malignant keratinocytes invading underlying connective tissue stroma & skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Verrucous carcinoma

“wart-like” filiform appearance

don’t tend to metastasize but can cause problems where they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a detigerous cyst?

Treatment?

A

Cyst originating around the crown of an unerupted tooth

Complete remoal of the lesion is curative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

Describe how it was identified.

A

Unilocular lesion most often associated with impacted 3rd molar (wisdom) teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a periapical cyst?

Treatment?

A

Cyst inflammatory in origin found at the apex of the tooth

removal fo the offending material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

periapical cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a keratocystic odontogenic tumor?

Most commonly affected demographic?

Treatment?

A

Radiographically present as well-defined unilocular/multilocular radiolucencies posterior to mandible most common

10-40, males

complete removal of the lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor

locally aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Multiple keratocystic odontogenic tumors is associated with what syndrome?

It is associated with what mutation?

A

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma

PTCH gene mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an odontoma composed of?

A

hamartoma

enamel, dentin, +/- cementum & varying number of tooth-like elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is shown in the provided image?

A

Odontoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of an ameloblastoma?

A

benign, but locally aggressive with high recurrence rate

expansile, multiloculated “soap bubble” appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What patholgoy is shown in the provided images?

Describe the featues of each

A

Radiographically: “soap bubble”

Histologically : stellate reticulum, peripheral palisating (outside perpendicular to inside cells) with apical clear cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the common causes of laryngitis?

A

allergic, viral, bacterial or chemical (tobacco smoke)

gastroesophageal reflux

systemic infections (tuberculosis & diptheria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cause of laryngotracheobronchitis?

Presentation?

A

“croup” in children - parainfluenzavirus

nonspecific respiratory symptoms & low grade fever

w/in 1-2 days hoarseness, barking cough & inspiratory stirdor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the common causes of laryngoepiglottis?

Presentation?

A

H. influenza, RSV, N. meningitidis, Strep

Medical Emergency in children

Cherry red epiglottis, drooling , tripod posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is reinke’s edema?

A

severe swelling of the vocal cords that occurs in heavy smokers

change in character of the voice & progressive hoarsness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are singer’s nodules?

A

reactive nodules that occur in people who put great strain on their vocal cords

change in character of voice & progressive hoarsness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can happen to individuals who put put great strain on their coval cords or have reflux irritation?

A

contact ulcers

change in character of the voice & progressive hoarsness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Singer’s nodule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What patholoyg is shown in the provided image?

A

Reinke’s edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is often the cause of squamous papilloma & papillomatosis on the vocal cords?

Describe their appearance.

A

HPV 6 & 11

soft, rasperry-like proliferations

benign neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Squamous papilloma

multiple slender, finger-like projections supported by central fibrovascula core

covered in stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the presentation of carcinoma of the larynx?

Most commonly affected demographics?

Treatment?

A

Persistent hoarseness, dysphgea & dysphonia

men, chronic smokers, 6th decade, alcohol use

Treatment: organ perservation early in disease (chemoradaition, w/ or w/o salvage laryngectomy later in disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

check out keratin pearl on right side

29
Q

What patholoyg is shown in the provided image?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

keratin pearl

30
Q

identify the different types of vocal cord nodules

A
31
Q

What are the features of a branchial cyst?

Most commonly affected demographics?

A

On lateral neck from remnants of second brachial arch

20-40 yr olds

32
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Branchial cyst

both inside & outside is smooth

squamous-lined cysts

33
Q

What are the features of a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

midline cyst

remnant of the developmental tract

34
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Histology: respiratory or squamous lined; pink round structures are thyroid follicles

35
Q

What is the name of paragangliomas in the head & neck?

Most commonly affected demographics?

Mutation?

A

Carotid Body Tumor

painless masses 5th & 6th decade, men, high altitude living

Loss of function mutation SDH gene

36
Q

What tumor is histologically identical to the paraganglioma?

Where does it arise?

A

Pheochromocytoma

arises in adrenal medulla

37
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)

not brachial cyst b/c imaging shows a solid mass rather than a cystic mass

mass right at bifurcation of the carotids

38
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Paraganglioma

little nests of cells (“cell balling”) with delicate connective tissue stroma surrounding them

clusters separated by septa

Right: dense-core secretory bodies (black dots)

bottom: stain positive for chromogranin

39
Q

What is xerostomia?

Causes?

A

dry mouth

old age, Sjogren syndrome, radiation therapy, lots of medications

40
Q

What is Sjogren syndrome?

A

autoimmune disorder that causes dry mouth & is often accompanied by dry eyes due to lacrimal gland involement

41
Q

Dry mouth can lead to what problems?

A

fissures, ulcers, dental carries, candidia infection ,dysphasia

42
Q

What is sialadentitis & what are the 4 major causes?

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland

  1. trauma
  2. viral infection (mumps)
  3. bacterial infection
  4. autoimmune disease
43
Q

What is sialolithiasis & what problem is it associated with?

A

Obstruction produced by a stone

bacterial sialadentitis (infection of major salivary gland)

44
Q

Bacterial sialadentitis is often secondary to what 3 conditions?

Most common etiological causes?

A
  1. Ductal obstruction produced by stones
  2. Decreased secretory function
  3. decreased salivary secretions due to dehydration

S. aureus & Streptococcus viridans

45
Q

What is the most common lesion of the salivary glands?

What do they look like?

A

Mucocele

flucuant blue hued nodole on lower lip

46
Q

What is the cause of a salivary mucocele?

A

blockage or rupture of salivary gland duct w/ leakage of saliva in tissue

47
Q

What is a ranula?

A

epithelial-lined cysts that arise when the duct of the sublingual gland has been damaged

48
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

What features helped you to identify the structure?

A

mucocele

Left: fluctuant fluid-filled lesion on the lower lip

Right: cyst-like cavity filled with mucinous material & lined by histocytes adn organizing granular tissue

49
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

ranula

50
Q

If you find a squamous cell carcinoma in the salivary gland, what should you do next?

A

look for primary in oral cavity, nasopharynx, skin etc.

it is uncommon for primary squamous cell carcinoma to occur in the salivary glands

51
Q

Where are the most common location of neoplasms of the salivary glands?

What is the relationship between rate of malignancy & gland sise?

Most commonly affected demographics?

A
  • Location
    • Parotid (65-80%)
    • Submandubular (10%)
    • Sublingual & minor glands
  • rate of malignancy is inversely proportional to gland size
    • sublingual 70-90%
    • minor 50%
    • submandibular 40%
    • parodid 15-30%
  • Demographics
    • adults >> children
      • higher rater malignancy in childrren
    • females >> males
52
Q

Primary neoplasms of the salivary glands are more common in females than males, except what kind?

A

Wharthin tumor

53
Q

Most primary tumors of the salivary glands are bilateral, what are the exceptions?

A

Warthin tumor

pleomorphic adenoma

acinic cell carcinoma

54
Q

What type of tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma?

Where do they most likely occur?

Presentation?

A

benign tumor - grossly well demarcated & encapsulated

epithelial elements dispersed throughout in a matrix of myoid, hyaline, chondroid & osseous tissue

usually occur in the parotid

painless & slow growing

55
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

pleomorphic adenoma

notice it is kind of a lateral neck mass, but it is higher up - will move but is firm

56
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland

left: well demarcated w/ adjacent normal salivary gland tissue
right: (myo)epithelial cells within a chrondromyxoid matrix

57
Q

Where are wharthin tumors located?

Most commonly affected demographics?

A
  • Location
    • parotid (restricted basically)
    • 10% multifocal
    • 10% bilateral
  • Demographics
    • smokers 8x more risk
    • males > females
    • 5-7th decade
58
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

Explain how you came to this conclusion.

A

Wharthin Tumor

big cystic spaces w/ solid stuff poking into them (looking finger-like) w/ viscous black gook

microscopically: well circumscribed neoplasm, centrally cystic, finger-like projections poking into the cyst

59
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Wharthin tumor

Left: Epithelial & lymphoid elements surroundign cystic space

Right: doule layer of eosinophilic (due to mitochondria) epithelial cells w/ underlying lymphocytes

60
Q

Where do mucoepdermoid carcinomas mosly often occur?

What is the 5 yr survival rate of low grade? High grade?

A

60-70% in parotids

low grade- 5 yrs= 90%

high grade- 5 yrs= 50%

61
Q

What is the most common form of primary malignant tumor of the salivary glands?

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

62
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

How can you tell?

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

nests of composed squamous cells, mucus secreting cells (eccentrically placed nuclei) & intermediate cells

63
Q

Where do adenoic cystic carcinomas most commonly occur?

A

minor salivary glands (palatine)

infiltrative

64
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

How can you tell?

A

adenoid cystic carcinoma

cribiform pattern enclosing secretions

duct-like structures sharing epithelial walls

65
Q

Where are acinic cell carcinomas most likely to occur?

Unique characteristics?

A

parotid > submandibular >>>>> other

second most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children

may be bilateral

66
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

Acinic cell carcinoma

individual cells have zymogen granules, no salivary gland structure

67
Q

Where are salivary duct carcinomas most commonly found?

Most commonly affected demographic?

They often contain what type of receptors & contain what muation?

A
  • Location
    • parotid > submandibular
    • highly aggressive
    • look very similar to breast cancer
  • Demographic
    • elderly males
  • androgen receptors
  • HER/NEU positive
68
Q

Where is polymorphous adenocarcinoma found?

How common is it?

A

minor salivary glands, typically palate

2nd most common tumor of palate

69
Q

What pathology is shown in the provided image?

A

polymorphous adenocarcinoma

ulcerating lesion of the oral cavity

histologically: looks like inocuous ducts (overrunning the tissue), but can be aggressive

S3B1 Pathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions