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ENT anatomy > Nasal Cavities and Paranasal sinuses > Flashcards

Nasal Cavities and Paranasal sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

which type of cartilage is the nasal cartilage?

A

hyaline

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2
Q

what is the small dip in the midline of the upper lip called?

A

philtrum of the upper lip

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3
Q

which bone(s) make up the septum?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer

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4
Q

what makes up the roof of the roof of the nasal cavities?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and crista galli and anterior cranial fossa

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5
Q

what makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?

A

superior and middle conchae from ethmoid, ethmoidal air cells, orbital plate of ethmoid and inferior conchae

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6
Q

which type of facial fractures can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Le Fort II and III level fractures

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7
Q

how is a septal haematoma treated and why?

A

incised and drained to prevent avascular necrosis of the septal hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

what are the 3 different types of mucosa in the nasal cavities?

A
  1. keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  2. respiratory epithelium
  3. olfactory mucosa
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9
Q

what is the special sensory innervation to the nasal cavities?

A

CN I - olfactory nerves

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10
Q

how do the olfactory nerves reach the olfactory mucosa?

A

receptor cells pass through the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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11
Q

what is the olfactory bulb and what neurones does its cell bodies belong to?

A

it is a ganglion and it is cell bodies of the 2nd neurones

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12
Q

where does the olfactory tract end?

A

ends in temporal bone

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13
Q

where in the nasal cavities would you find the olfactory mucosa?

A

on both lateral wall and the septum of each nasal cavity

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14
Q

what is the somatic

sensory nerve supply to the anterosuperior aspect of the nasal cavity?

A

the opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V1

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15
Q

what is the somatic sensory supply to the posterioinferior aspect of the the nasal cavity?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve - CN V2

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16
Q

what does the dividing line of the nasal cavity into anteriosuperior and posterioinferior go from?

A

anterior nasal spine and sphenoethmoidal recess

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17
Q

CN V1 supplies anteriosuperior aspect of nasal cavity via which nerves?

A

via anterior/posterior ethmoidal branches of nasociliary nerve

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18
Q

CN V2 supplies the posterioinferior aspect of nasal cavity via which nerves?

A

via nasoplatatine and greater palatine nerves

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19
Q

which main arteries does the blood supply to the nasal cavities originate from?

A

originates from both external and internal carotid arteries

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20
Q

external carotid gives rise to which 2 basic arteries to supply the nasal cavities?

A

facial and maxillary

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21
Q

internal carotid gives rise to which artery to supply the nasal cavities?

A

opthalmic

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22
Q

ophthalmic artery supplies the nasal cavities via which branches?

A

via the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

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23
Q

maxillary artery supplies the nasal cavity via which branches?

A

via sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries

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24
Q

facial artery supplies the nasal cavities via which branches?

A

via lateral nasal branch of facial or septal branch of superior labial artery

25
Q

where is a common site for epistaxis (nosebleeds)?

A

Keisselbach’s (Little’s) area

26
Q

what is Keisselbach’s area?

A

an arterial anastomosis on nasal septum

27
Q

what features on the lateral walls of nasal cavities?

A

superior, middle and inferior conchae

28
Q

which conchae is not part of the ethmoid bone?

A

inferior conchae

29
Q

what are the spaces under each conchae called?

A

meatuses

30
Q

what name is given to the space posterior to the superior conchae?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

31
Q

what is the sensory supply to inferior nasal concha?

A

CN V2

32
Q

where is the opening of the eustachian tube?

A

in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

33
Q

what forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

A

the hard palate, formed from right and left maxillae (anteriorly) and palatine bones (posdteriorly)

34
Q

the nasal cavities are mainly lined by what type of epithelium?

A

resp epithelium

35
Q

describe resp epithelium?

A

psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

36
Q

what are ostia and what is their function?

A

holes in the recesses and meatuses of the lateral walls that allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses

37
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces in bones

38
Q

how many sinuses does the frontal bone have?

A

x2 frontal sinuses

39
Q

what separates the 2 frontal sinuses?

A

bony septum

40
Q

how many sinuses does the 2 maxillae have?

A

x2 maxillary sinuses

41
Q

how many sinuses does the ethmoid bone have?

A

it is 2 sets of ethmoidal air cells

42
Q

how many sphenoidal sinuses are there?

A

1 or 2

43
Q

what are paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

resp epithelium

44
Q

where does the mucous produced by the resp epithelium in the paranasal sinuses drain to?

A

into nasal cavities via ostia in lateral walls of the nasal cavities

45
Q

where does the frontal sinus drain to?

A

the middle meatus

46
Q

where do the ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

superior and middle meatuses

47
Q

where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

48
Q

where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

middle meatus

49
Q

what does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

tears

50
Q

where does tears made in the lacrimal gland drain into?

A

into nascolacrimal duct

51
Q

where does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

52
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of the mucosa of paranasal sinuses

53
Q

causes of sinusitis include?

A

infection, allergy, autoimmune issues

54
Q

what is the typical pattern of events of the sinuses becoming filled with infected mucous

A

viral URTI can cause swelling of mucosa, reducing diameter of ostia, and mucous cant be drained effectively

55
Q

where is a common place for referred pain in sinusitis?

A

to teeth

56
Q

which sinus is predisposed to inflammation and why?

A

the maxillary sinus due to its ostia being located superiorly in the medial wall of the sinus compared to the floor so maxillary sinus mucous has to drain against gravity

57
Q

how can a dental abscess cause a sinus infection?

A

the roots of upper teeth can spread infection of a dental abscess into the antrum (sinus) due to a communication between the oral cavity and the antrum via tooth socket in alveolar bone

58
Q

what can extraction of a tooth result in?

A

an oro-antral fistula

ENT anatomy (4 decks)

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