Nasal Cavities and Paranasal sinuses

Question 1

which type of cartilage is the nasal cartilage?

Answer 1

hyaline

Question 2

what is the small dip in the midline of the upper lip called?

Answer 2

philtrum of the upper lip

Question 3

which bone(s) make up the septum?

Answer 3

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer

Question 4

what makes up the roof of the roof of the nasal cavities?

Answer 4

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and crista galli and anterior cranial fossa

Question 5

what makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 5

superior and middle conchae from ethmoid, ethmoidal air cells, orbital plate of ethmoid and inferior conchae

Question 6

which type of facial fractures can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 6

Le Fort II and III level fractures

Question 7

how is a septal haematoma treated and why?

Answer 7

incised and drained to prevent avascular necrosis of the septal hyaline cartilage

Question 8

what are the 3 different types of mucosa in the nasal cavities?

Answer 8

1. keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
2. respiratory epithelium
3. olfactory mucosa

Question 9

what is the special sensory innervation to the nasal cavities?

Answer 9

CN I - olfactory nerves

Question 10

how do the olfactory nerves reach the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 10

receptor cells pass through the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

Question 11

what is the olfactory bulb and what neurones does its cell bodies belong to?

Answer 11

it is a ganglion and it is cell bodies of the 2nd neurones

Question 12

where does the olfactory tract end?

Answer 12

ends in temporal bone

Question 13

where in the nasal cavities would you find the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 13

on both lateral wall and the septum of each nasal cavity

Question 14

what is the somatic

sensory nerve supply to the anterosuperior aspect of the nasal cavity?

Answer 14

the opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V1

Question 15

what is the somatic sensory supply to the posterioinferior aspect of the the nasal cavity?

Answer 15

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve - CN V2

Question 16

what does the dividing line of the nasal cavity into anteriosuperior and posterioinferior go from?

Answer 16

anterior nasal spine and sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 17

CN V1 supplies anteriosuperior aspect of nasal cavity via which nerves?

Answer 17

via anterior/posterior ethmoidal branches of nasociliary nerve

Question 18

CN V2 supplies the posterioinferior aspect of nasal cavity via which nerves?

Answer 18

via nasoplatatine and greater palatine nerves

Question 19

which main arteries does the blood supply to the nasal cavities originate from?

Answer 19

originates from both external and internal carotid arteries

Question 20

external carotid gives rise to which 2 basic arteries to supply the nasal cavities?

Answer 20

facial and maxillary

Question 21

internal carotid gives rise to which artery to supply the nasal cavities?

Answer 21

opthalmic

Question 22

ophthalmic artery supplies the nasal cavities via which branches?

Answer 22

via the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

Question 23

maxillary artery supplies the nasal cavity via which branches?

Answer 23

via sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries

Question 24

facial artery supplies the nasal cavities via which branches?

Answer 24

via lateral nasal branch of facial or septal branch of superior labial artery

Question 25

where is a common site for epistaxis (nosebleeds)?

Answer 25

Keisselbach's (Little's) area

Question 26

what is Keisselbach's area?

Answer 26

an arterial anastomosis on nasal septum

Question 27

what features on the lateral walls of nasal cavities?

Answer 27

superior, middle and inferior conchae

Question 28

which conchae is not part of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 28

inferior conchae

Question 29

what are the spaces under each conchae called?

Answer 29

meatuses

Question 30

what name is given to the space posterior to the superior conchae?

Answer 30

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 31

what is the sensory supply to inferior nasal concha?

Answer 31

CN V2

Question 32

where is the opening of the eustachian tube?

Answer 32

in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

Question 33

what forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

Answer 33

the hard palate, formed from right and left maxillae (anteriorly) and palatine bones (posdteriorly)

Question 34

the nasal cavities are mainly lined by what type of epithelium?

Answer 34

resp epithelium

Question 35

describe resp epithelium?

Answer 35

psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

Question 36

what are ostia and what is their function?

Answer 36

holes in the recesses and meatuses of the lateral walls that allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses

Question 37

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 37

air filled spaces in bones

Question 38

how many sinuses does the frontal bone have?

Answer 38

x2 frontal sinuses

Question 39

what separates the 2 frontal sinuses?

Answer 39

bony septum

Question 40

how many sinuses does the 2 maxillae have?

Answer 40

x2 maxillary sinuses

Question 41

how many sinuses does the ethmoid bone have?

Answer 41

it is 2 sets of ethmoidal air cells

Question 42

how many sphenoidal sinuses are there?

Answer 42

1 or 2

Question 43

what are paranasal sinuses lined by?

Answer 43

resp epithelium

Question 44

where does the mucous produced by the resp epithelium in the paranasal sinuses drain to?

Answer 44

into nasal cavities via ostia in lateral walls of the nasal cavities

Question 45

where does the frontal sinus drain to?

Answer 45

the middle meatus

Question 46

where do the ethmoidal air cells drain into?

Answer 46

superior and middle meatuses

Question 47

where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?

Answer 47

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 48

where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

Answer 48

middle meatus

Question 49

what does the lacrimal gland produce?

Answer 49

tears

Question 50

where does tears made in the lacrimal gland drain into?

Answer 50

into nascolacrimal duct

Question 51

where does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

Answer 51

into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

Question 52

what is sinusitis?

Answer 52

inflammation of the mucosa of paranasal sinuses

Question 53

causes of sinusitis include?

Answer 53

infection, allergy, autoimmune issues

Question 54

what is the typical pattern of events of the sinuses becoming filled with infected mucous

Answer 54

viral URTI can cause swelling of mucosa, reducing diameter of ostia, and mucous cant be drained effectively

Question 55

where is a common place for referred pain in sinusitis?

Answer 55

to teeth

Question 56

which sinus is predisposed to inflammation and why?

Answer 56

the maxillary sinus due to its ostia being located superiorly in the medial wall of the sinus compared to the floor so maxillary sinus mucous has to drain against gravity

Question 57

how can a dental abscess cause a sinus infection?

Answer 57

the roots of upper teeth can spread infection of a dental abscess into the antrum (sinus) due to a communication between the oral cavity and the antrum via tooth socket in alveolar bone

Question 58

what can extraction of a tooth result in?

Answer 58

an oro-antral fistula