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ENT anatomy > Clinical Anatomy of the Larynx > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

the larynx is enclosed in which group of fascia in the neck?

A

the pretracheal fasica

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2
Q

what other structures are also enclosed by the pretracheal fascia (excluding larynx)

A
  • the strap muscles
  • thyroid gland
  • trachea
  • oesophagus and pharynx
  • recurrent laryngeal nerves
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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pretracheal fascia?

A

the visceral layer and the muscular layer

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4
Q

where does the thin muscular layer of the pretracheal layer lie in relation to the visceral layer?

A

the muscular layer lies anterior to the visceral layer

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5
Q

functions on the strap muscles?

A
  • move hyoid and larynx

- also act as accessory muscles of breathing as they attach to the sternum

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6
Q

in which layer of the pretracheal fascia is the larynx found in?

A

the visceral layer

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7
Q

what vertebral level is the larynx at?

A

between C4 and C6

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8
Q

at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone found?

A

C3

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9
Q

at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found?

A

about C6

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10
Q

what is on the lateral wall of the nasal cavities that makes it ‘featured’?

A

conchae

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11
Q

what is the skeleton of the larynx composed of?

A

cartilage

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12
Q

where are the cartilages that make up the larynx suspended from?

A

hyoid bone

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13
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • cartilage maintaining patency of URT
  • helps prevent entry of foreign bodies into LRT
  • produce sound - vocal cords
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14
Q

what type of cartilage makes up the larynx?

A

all hyaline cartilage apart from the epiglottitis which is elastic

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15
Q

what does the laryngeal prominence give rise to?

A

Adams apple in males

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16
Q

what is the only laryngeal cartilage that makes a complete ring around the larynx?

A

the cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

what completes the ring of the C shaped cartilage around the trachea?

A

trachealis (smooth muscle)

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18
Q

what type of joint is the cricothyroid joint and what is its function?

A
  • synovial

- allows ‘nodding’ (A-P) movement between the thryoid and cricoid cartilages

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19
Q

where are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

posterior surface of the larynx just inferior to laryngeal inlet

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20
Q

what are the 2 different processes of an arytenoid cartilage?

A

anterior process- the vocal proces

posterior process- the muscular process

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21
Q

what attaches at the anterior process of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

the vocal cords

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22
Q

what attaches to the posterior processes of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

muscles

23
Q

what part of the cricoid cartilage is the lamina?

A

the posterior flat surface of the cricoid cartilage

24
Q

why can cricoid pressure be applied when someone is being ventilated?

A

the lamina of the cricoid cartilage compresses the oesophagus and prevents regurgitation/aspiration

25
Q

what do the vocal cords attach between?

A

the internal aspect of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and the vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages posteriorly

26
Q

what is the rima glottidis?

A

the space between the vocal vords where air moves through

27
Q

what is the space between the tongue and the epiglottis called?

A

vallecula

28
Q

what lines the vocal cords?

A

statified squamous epithelium

29
Q

what epithelium lines the inside of the larynx?

A

respiratory epithelium

30
Q

what is another name for the ‘false vocal cords’?

A

vestibular folds

31
Q

where are the false vocal cords in relation to the true vocal cords?

A

false vocal cords are superior to the true vocal cords

32
Q

generally, what is the sensory innervation to all of the laryngeal mucosa?

A

the vagus nerve

33
Q

which branch of the vagus nerve supplies superior to the vocal cords?

A

superior laryngeal branches of vagus

34
Q

what nerve supplies the vocal cords and inferior?

A

recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus

35
Q

what branch of vagus is the reccurent laryngeal a continuation of?

A

inferior laryngeal branch

36
Q

what type of muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

all skeletal muscles

37
Q

functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A 
move the cartilages which moves the vocal cords 
- tensors
-relaxers
-adductors
-abductors 
of the vocal cords
38
Q

what nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

all supplied by the vagus nerve

39
Q

what do all the intrinsic muscles act to do during the cough reflex?

A

adduct the vocal cords and close the rima glottitus.

40
Q

what affect do the cricothyroid muscles have on the vocal cords?

A

tense the vocal cords

41
Q

which muscles are responsible for the ‘nodding’ of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly at cricothyroid joints?

A

cricothyroid muscles

42
Q

if the vocal cords are tensed, what pitch does this give?

A

high pitch

43
Q

function of the thyro-arytenoid muscles?

A

relax the vocal cords, pull the arytenoid cartilages towards the thyroid cartilage

44
Q

what muscles adduct the vocal cords? and how do they do this?

A
  • lateral crico-arytenoid muscles and the arytenoid muscles

- rotate the arytenoid cartilages so that the vocal processes of the cartilages come together in the midline

45
Q

function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

abduct the vocal cords

46
Q

how do the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles abduct the vocal cords?

A

rotate the arytenoid cartilages so that the vocal processes of the cartilages move laterally

47
Q

in normal respiration what state are the laryngeal muscles in?

A

relaxed

48
Q

during forced respiration what intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract?

A

posterior crico-arytenoids contract to abduct vocal cords

49
Q

during phonation what muscles contract?

A
  • arytenoids contract

- assist lateral crico-arytenoids

50
Q

what nerve controls the tensing of the soft palate?

A

CN V3

51
Q

what nerve elevates soft palate?

A

vagus

52
Q

what sounds can we make through nasal sounds?

A
  • m
  • n
  • ing
53
Q

what 3 things can you ask patient to do to test the function og the vagus nerve suppling the palate, pharynx and larynx?

A
  • ask patient to swallow small sip of water
  • listen to patient speak (are the horse?)
  • ask patient to cough

ENT anatomy (4 decks)

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