Nasal cavities, air sinuses and RT Flashcards
What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into
Inferior meatus
At which level is the hyoid bone
C3
In the nose, what is the inferior 2/3 made of
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
In the nose, what is the superior 1/3 made of
Olfactory epithelium (specialised mucosa with olfactory receptor cells)
Which part of the nose isn’t covered by mucosa
Vestibule
What is the function of the nasal cavity
Olfaction (smell)
Respiration
Conditioning of air
Drainage of nasolacrimal duct and paranasal air sinuses
What are conchae
Bony projections from the lateral wall (superior, middle and inferior)
What are meatus
Space created underneath corresponding conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
What is the sphenoid-ethmoidal recess
Space above the superior conchae
What are paranasal air sinuses lined with
Respiratory epithelium
What are the different paranasal air sinuses and which is the largest
Frontal
Ethmoidal (anterior, middle, posterior)
Sphenoidal
Maxillary (largest)
What is the sphenoid-ethmoidal recess drained into
Sphenoid sinus
What is the superior meatus drained into
Posterior ethmoidal sinus
What is the middle meatus drained into
Anterior+middle ethmoidal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
What is the inferior meatus drained into
NAsolacrimal duct
Boundaries and entrance to oropharynx
Palate -Hard -Soft Base of tongue Pharyngeal arches -Palatoglossal arch -Palatopharyngeal arch
What is the function of the larynx
Phonation
Cough reflex
Protection of LRT
What are the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
What are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx
Cuneiform
Corniculate
Arytenoid
Spinal level of hyoid bone
C3
Spinal level of thyroid cartilage
C4-5
Spinal level of cricoid cartilage
C6
What is the function of the pharynx
Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and oesophagus
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx in order
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
How to distinguish between bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls
Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical
Right (so more likely that objects will get stuck there)
How many lobes in R lung
3
How many lobes in the L lung
2
Function of the soft palate
Acts as a valve that can lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
-Elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
What is the floor of the oral cavity made of and their functions
Muscular diaphragms
- BIlateral mylohyoid mm
- Pulls larynx forward during swallowing
Geniohyoid mm
-Pulls larynx forward during swallowing
TOngue
Salivary glands/ducts
What is tongue connected to floor by
Frenulum
What is the palatine tonsil bound by
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
What is the gag reflex and the cranial nerves
When foreign bodies touch posterior aspect of oral cavity (CN IX)
Contraction of pharyngeal musculature and elevation of soft palate (CN X)
3 major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
What is the larynx
Upper part of the air passage
What is the position of the larynx
C3-6
What Is the position of the cricoid cartilage
C6
What is Sellick’s manoeuvre
Used in emergency intubation- pressure on cricoid cartilage which occludes the oesophagus to avoid regurgitation of gastric contents
What does the inferior horn of the thyroid articulate with
Cricoid
What does the cricoid articulate with
The inferior horns of the thyroid
Arytenoid cartilages
What shape does the arytenoid cartilage have
Pyramidal
What is the apex attachment of the arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
What is the basal attachment of the arytenoid cartilage
Superior border of the cricoid cartilage
What is the vocal process attachment of the arytenoid cartilage
Vocal ligament
What is the muscular ores attachment of the arytenoid cartilages
Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
What innervates the larynx (motor and sensory)
Branches of the vagus nerve
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate
Sensory innervation to the infraglottis
-Motor innervation to all internal muscles except cricothyroid
What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate (internal branch and external branch)
Internal branch= Sensory innervation to supraglottis
External branch = Motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle
What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
What does the inferior laryngeal nerve innervate
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
What are the attachments of the cricothyroid mm
Antolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage to inferior margin and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoids
From one arytenoid cartilage to the opposite one
How does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve enter the larynx
Ascends in the groove between the trachea and the oesophagus and pierces the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to enter the larynx
What is the origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branch of the left vagus
