Nasal cavities, air sinuses and RT Flashcards by Berivan Arikan

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into

Inferior meatus

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At which level is the hyoid bone

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In the nose, what is the inferior 2/3 made of

Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

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In the nose, what is the superior 1/3 made of

Olfactory epithelium (specialised mucosa with olfactory receptor cells)

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Which part of the nose isn’t covered by mucosa

Vestibule

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What is the function of the nasal cavity

Olfaction (smell)
Respiration
Conditioning of air
Drainage of nasolacrimal duct and paranasal air sinuses

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What are conchae

Bony projections from the lateral wall (superior, middle and inferior)

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What are meatus

Space created underneath corresponding conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

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What is the sphenoid-ethmoidal recess

Space above the superior conchae

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What are paranasal air sinuses lined with

Respiratory epithelium

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What are the different paranasal air sinuses and which is the largest

Frontal
Ethmoidal (anterior, middle, posterior)
Sphenoidal
Maxillary (largest)

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What is the sphenoid-ethmoidal recess drained into

Sphenoid sinus

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What is the superior meatus drained into

Posterior ethmoidal sinus

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What is the middle meatus drained into

Anterior+middle ethmoidal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus

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What is the inferior meatus drained into

NAsolacrimal duct

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Boundaries and entrance to oropharynx

Palate
-Hard
-Soft
Base of tongue
Pharyngeal arches 
-Palatoglossal arch
-Palatopharyngeal arch

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What is the function of the larynx

Phonation
Cough reflex
Protection of LRT

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What are the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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What are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx

Cuneiform
Corniculate
Arytenoid

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Spinal level of hyoid bone

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Spinal level of thyroid cartilage

C4-5

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Spinal level of cricoid cartilage

What is the function of the pharynx

Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and oesophagus

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx in order

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

How to distinguish between bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls

Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical

Right (so more likely that objects will get stuck there)

How many lobes in R lung

How many lobes in the L lung

Function of the soft palate

Acts as a valve that can lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus -Elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx

What is the floor of the oral cavity made of and their functions

Muscular diaphragms - BIlateral mylohyoid mm - Pulls larynx forward during swallowing Geniohyoid mm -Pulls larynx forward during swallowing TOngue Salivary glands/ducts

What is tongue connected to floor by

Frenulum

What is the palatine tonsil bound by

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

What is the gag reflex and the cranial nerves

When foreign bodies touch posterior aspect of oral cavity (CN IX) Contraction of pharyngeal musculature and elevation of soft palate (CN X)

3 major salivary glands

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

What is the larynx

Upper part of the air passage

What is the position of the larynx

C3-6

What Is the position of the cricoid cartilage

What is Sellick's manoeuvre

Used in emergency intubation- pressure on cricoid cartilage which occludes the oesophagus to avoid regurgitation of gastric contents

What does the inferior horn of the thyroid articulate with

Cricoid

What does the cricoid articulate with

The inferior horns of the thyroid Arytenoid cartilages

What shape does the arytenoid cartilage have

Pyramidal

What is the apex attachment of the arytenoid cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

What is the basal attachment of the arytenoid cartilage

Superior border of the cricoid cartilage

What is the vocal process attachment of the arytenoid cartilage

Vocal ligament

What is the muscular ores attachment of the arytenoid cartilages

Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

What innervates the larynx (motor and sensory)

Branches of the vagus nerve

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate

Sensory innervation to the infraglottis -Motor innervation to all internal muscles except cricothyroid

What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate (internal branch and external branch)

Internal branch= Sensory innervation to supraglottis External branch = Motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

What does the inferior laryngeal nerve innervate

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

What are the attachments of the cricothyroid mm

Antolateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage to inferior margin and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

What are the attachments of the transverse and oblique arytenoids

From one arytenoid cartilage to the opposite one

How does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve enter the larynx

Ascends in the groove between the trachea and the oesophagus and pierces the inferior constrictor of the pharynx to enter the larynx

What is the origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Branch of the left vagus