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Anatomy of thorax > Heart and pericardium > Flashcards

Heart and pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium (outside to in)

A

Fibrous pericardium (outer)
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Serous layer of serous pericardium

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2
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus found

A

Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to SVC

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3
Q

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus found

A

Serous pericardium which covers SVC, IVC and pulmonary veins

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4
Q

What is the endocardium made of

A

Endothelium and sub endothelial connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to the diaphragm by

A

Pericardiophrenic ligaments

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6
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium blended into

A

Adventitia of great vessels

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply of fibrous pericardium

A

Pericardiophrenic artery

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the fibrous pericardium

A

Pericardiophrenic veins and azygos venous system

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9
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart

A

Anterior
Inferior
Left pulmonary surface
Right pulmonary surface

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10
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart formed mainly by

A

right ventricle

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11
Q

What is the inferior surface of the heart formed mainly by

A

Mostly L (with a bit of R) ventricle

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12
Q

What is the left pulmonary surface of the heart formed mainly by

A

Left ventricle (forms cardiac notch)

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13
Q

What is the right pulmonary surface formed mainly by

A

Right atrium

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14
Q

Numbers for the borders of the heart

A

2,3,5,6

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15
Q

Borders of the heart

A

Superior: left cc2–> right cc3
Right: right cc3–> right cc6
Inferior: right cc6–> left ics5
Left: left ics5–> left cc2

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16
Q

What are the valve positions on a heart

A

PAMT 3344

Pulmonary valve; medial to L cc3
Aortic valve; medial to L Ics 3
Mitral (bicuspid); medial to L cc4
Tricuspid; medial to R ics 4

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17
Q

Which side of the heart are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves found

A

Tricuspid- RHS

Bicuspid- LHS

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18
Q

Where are the valve auscultation sites

A

Pulmonary - L ics2 near sternal angle
Aortic- R ics2 near sternal angle
Mitral/bic- L ics5 at apex (midclavicular line)
Tricuspid- 4th/5th Rics

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19
Q

Which vessels pass through the pericardium

A

Inferior and superior vena cava
Left pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary artery

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20
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Swelling of the pericardium

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21
Q

Which branches of the coronary arteries are most likely to become occluded

A

LAD artery

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22
Q

What are the four surfaces of the heart

A 
Sternocostal (anterior)
Posterior (base)
Inferior (diaphragmatic)
Right pulmonary
Left pulmonary
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23
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart made of (anterior)

A

Right ventricle

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24
Q

What is the posterior (base) surface of the heart made of

A

Left atrium

25
Q

What is the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart made of

A

Left and right ventricles

26
Q

What is the right pulmonary surface of the heart made of

A

Right atrium

27
Q

What is the left pulmonary surface of the heart made of

A

Left ventricle

28
Q

What are the different borders of the heart and what do they contain

A

Right border- Right atrium
Inferior border-left ventricle and right ventricle
Left border-left ventricle and some of left atrium
Superior border- right and left atrium and the great vessels

29
Q

what’re the parts of the heart wall

A

epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

30
Q

What is the fossa ovalis the remnant of

A

Foramen ovale

31
Q

When does the fossa ovalis close

A

When the newborn takes its first breath

32
Q

What is the purpose of the right and left atrial auricles

A

Muscular pouches that act to increase the capacity of the atrium and sit on top of the atria

33
Q

What was the purpose of the foramen ovale in a foetus

A

Opening which allowed blood from the right atrium to pass directly into the left atrium by bypassing the lungs as blood didn’t require a lot of oxygenation in the foetus as the foetus was obtaining it from the mother

34
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles found and what do they converge to form

A

IN the heart- converge to form crista terminalis

35
Q

What are trabeculae carnae

A

Irregular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles

36
Q

Where are papillary muscles found

A

IN ventricles

37
Q

What are papillary muscles attached to

A

Chordae tendinae which itself are attached to the atrioventricular valves

38
Q

What are chordae tendinae attached to

A

atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles

39
Q

What are chordae tendinae

A

Fibrous cords attaching to atrioventricular valves

40
Q

What are chordae tendinae for

A

Prevent the inversion of the valves allowing unidirectional flow

41
Q

At which rib level does the superior vena cava enter the atrium

A

3rd rib

42
Q

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava enter the pericardium

A

T8

43
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Outer parietal layer

Internal visceral layer/epicardium

44
Q

What are both layers of the serous pericardium separated by

A

Pericardial cavity

45
Q

Innervation of the pericardium and root value

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

46
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus

A
  • Posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • Anterior to SVC
  • superior to left atrium
47
Q

What is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Used to identify and ligate the arteries of the heart during coronary artery bypass grafting

48
Q

What is the origin of the right coronary artery

A

Right coronary sinus

49
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery

A
  • Right marginal artery

- Posterior interventricular artery

50
Q

What is the origin of the left coronary artery

A

Left coronary sinus

51
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery

A
  • Left anterior descending artery
  • Left marginal artery
  • Left circumflex artery
52
Q

What does the left circumflex artery contribute to

A

Posterior interventricular artery

53
Q

Which two branches anastomose (of the coronary arteries)

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular branches

54
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

The main vein of the heart

55
Q

What do some of the veins of the heart drain into

A

Coronary sinus

56
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus

A 
Great cardiac vein 
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Left marginal vein
Left posterior ventricular vein
57
Q

What muscles are found in the atria of the heart

A
  • Auricules
  • Pectinate muscles (converge to form crista terminalis)
  • Smooth muscle
  • Fossa ovalis
58
Q

What muscles are found in the ventricles of the heart

A
  • Trabeculae carne
  • Papillary muscles with chordae tendinae
  • Moderator band, contains bundle of his fibres

Anatomy of thorax (7 decks)

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