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Module 3 Anatomy > Nasal Cavities > Flashcards

Nasal Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the external nose is located between the two orbits

A

The root

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2
Q

What is the back of the nose referred to as?

A

The dorsum

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3
Q

What is the nostril ring/flare referred to as?

A

The ala

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4
Q

What sits below the nose and above the upper lip?

A

The philtrum

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5
Q

What is the external nose composed of?

A

Skeletal structures and cartilages.

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6
Q

What is the majority of the external nose composed of?

A

Nasal cartilages

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7
Q

Why shouldn’t you use adrenaline-containing LA near the nasal cartilages?

A

As cartilage does not have a direct blood supply, it relies on diffusion from surrounding arteries.

Because adrenaline-containing LA is a vasoconstrictor, it can potentially constrict the arteries that supply the nasal cartilages to the point at which the cartilage can die.

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8
Q

Which bones contribute to the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Right and left nasal bones
  2. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
  3. Middle, inferior and superior nasal conchae
  4. The vomer
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9
Q

What are the external boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Superiorly: formed by nasal bones

Laterally and inferiorly: formed by maxilla

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10
Q

Which parts of the ethmoid bone contribute to the nasal cavities?

A
  1. The roof
    - cribriform plate
    - crista galli
    - anterior cranial fossa
  2. Lateral wall
    - superior and middle conchae
    - ethmoidal air cells
    - orbital plate of ethmoid
    - inferior conchae
  3. Septum
    - perpendicular plate of ethmoid
    - vomer
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11
Q

What types of fractures can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

How can this pose a danger?

A

Le fort II and III

Risk of infection spreading from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses up into the anterior cranial fossa.

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12
Q

How is a septal haematoma treated?

What does this prevent?

A

A septal heamatoma is treated by incision and drainage.

This prevents avascular necrosis of the septal hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What does the septal hyaline cartilage depend on?

A

The diffusion of nutrients from its attached nasal mucosa.

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14
Q

What is special about the inferior concha?

A

Its a bone in its own right

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15
Q

What bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?

A
  • ethmoid bone (superior and middle concha)
  • inferior concha (inferiorly)
  • maxilla
  • perpendicular plate of palatine bone (posteriorly)
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16
Q

What bones form the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavities?

A
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
  • the vomer
  • septal (hyaline) cartilage
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17
Q

What are the 3 types of mucosa of the nasal cavities?

A
  1. Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium- anteriorly, thick, protective as first entry point in nasal cavity.
  2. Respiratory epithelium- forms the majority of the mucosa within nasal cavity,
  3. Olfactory mucosa- roof of nasal cavity, receives olfactory receptor cells from CNI (olfactory nerve)
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18
Q

CNI function

A

Special sensory for sense of smell

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19
Q

What is found in the olfactory mucosa?

A
  1. Receptor cells
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20
Q

Function of the receptor cells in the olfactory mucosa

A

Responsible for relaying information with regards to sense of smell.

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21
Q

Describe the pathway of the 1st neuron in the chain of olfactory nerves?

A

olfactory mucosa > through cribriform plate of skull > synapse in olfactory bulb

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22
Q

What is the olfactory bulb?

A

a ganglion- collection of nerve cell bodies.

23
Q

Describe the pathway of the second neutron in the chain?

A

olfactory bulb > olfactory tract > temporal lobe where it transmits signals to higher centres

24
Q

What is the somatic sensory nerve supply to the nasal cavity?

A

2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve supply both lateral and medial wall:

  1. Opthalmic division (CNV1): anterosuperiorly
  2. Maxillary division (CNV2): posteroinferiorly
25
Q

Bloody supply to the nasal cavity:

A

Dual blood supply:

  1. External carotid artery
    - facial artery branch
    - maxillary artery branch
  2. Internal carotid artery
    - ophthalmic artery branch
26
Q

What branches does the ophthalmic artery give off?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

27
Q

What branches does the maxillary artery give off?

A

Sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries

28
Q

What branches does the facial artery give off?

A

Lateral nasal branch of facial or septal branch of superior labial artery

29
Q

What do all these arteries come together to form?

A

An arterial astomosis ( a network of arterial supply to both lateral and medial nasal walls)

30
Q

What is the name given to the common site for epistaxis (nose bleeds)?

Why is this area succeptible ?

A

Kiesselbachs (little’s) area

As its an area of dense arterial anatomises (rich blood supply)

31
Q

What are the functions of the nasal conchae?

A
  1. Warming the air that we breathe in
  2. Humidifying air we breathe in
  3. Fighting any pathogens we breathe in (mucosa trap any particles we breathe in)
32
Q

What are the spaces that lie under the nasal conchae referred to?

A

Meatuses

33
Q

What is the name of the recess that is found tucked up above the superior concha and just in front of sphenoidal sinus?

A

The sphenoethmoidal recess.

34
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces within the bones that surround the nasal region

35
Q

What are the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal sinuses
    - found in the frontal bone
    - separated by bony septum
  2. Maxillary sinuses
    - sometimes called the maxillary antra
    - found in maxillae
  3. Ethmoidal air cells
    - found in ethmoid bone
  4. Sphenoidal sinuses
    - found in sphenoid bone
36
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

37
Q

What is caused when the sinus builds up with mucous when you get a cold?

A

Sinusitis

38
Q

Where does the mucous from this lining mucosa drain into?

A

The nasal cavities via ostia in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities.

39
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?

A

The sphenoethmoidal recess.

40
Q

Where do the ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

The superior and middle meatuses

41
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain into?

A

The middle meatus

42
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

the middle meatus

43
Q

What does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

Tears that wash across the eye

44
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland drain too?

A

The lacrimal sac that drains into the nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior meatus of nasal cavity.

This explains why our nose runs when we cry.

45
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa of paranasal sinuses

46
Q

How many sinuses does sinusitis involve?

A

1 or more

47
Q

What are the levels of sinusitis?

A
  1. Acute - e.g. cold
  2. Sub-chronic
  3. Chronic - long standing
48
Q

What are the causes of sinusitis?

A
  • Infection
  • Allergy
  • Autoimmune issues
49
Q

What are the bodies protective mechanisms against sinusitis?

A
  • Cilia of respiratory mucosa waft mucous towards Ostia
50
Q

What can interfere with cilia?

A

Cold weather and smoking

51
Q

What can a viral URTI cause?

A

Swelling of the mucosa, reducing the diameter of ostia.

This can cause sinuses to become filled with infected mucous.

This can be painful as the mucosa that aligns these sinuses has a sensory nerve supply (CNV1 and V2).

52
Q

If maxillary sinus affected by sinusitis, where might the pain be referred to?

A

The teeth.

53
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus predisposed to inflammation?

A

This is due to the fact that maxillary sinus ostia is located high up in the wall of the sinus.

This means that the mucous in the maxillary sinus has to drain against gravity which is difficult.

Module 3 Anatomy (2 decks)

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