Nasal and pharyngeal diseases

Question 1

Congenital nasal disorders (4)

Answer 1

Oronasal cleft
Oropharyngeal cleft
Malformation of the nasal plane
Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Question 2

Viral rhinitis (4)

Answer 2

FHV-1 (Feline Herpes Virus 1)
FCV (Feline Calicivirus)
Canine distemper
CHV (Canine Herpes Virus)

Question 3

FHV

Answer 3

Serous ocular and nasal discharge, may turn mucopurulent in 5 days.
Severe conjunctivitis & corneal ulceration
Chronic carriers: gingival ulceration
Diagnosis: PCR on conjunctival swab
Treatment: Supportive, Doxycycline (to prevent secondary bacterial infections)

Question 4

FCV

Answer 4

Serous ocular and nasal discharge, may turn mucopurulent in 5 days.
Mild ocular signs, oral ulcers and gingivitis
Chronic carriers: gingival ulceration
Diagnosis: PCR on conjunctival swab
Treatment: Supportive, Doxycycline (to prevent secondary bacterial infections)

Question 5

Canine Distemper

Answer 5

Profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge

Diagnosis: PCR

Question 6

CHV

Answer 6

Profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge

Question 7

Bacterial rhinitis (6)

Answer 7

Bordetella
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Pasteurella
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus

Question 8

Bacterial rhinitis

Answer 8

Almost always secondary (Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia felis can cause primary infection as well)
Nasal swab, conjunctival swab or PCR
Treatment: Doxycycline for up to 3 weeks.

Question 9

Mycotic rhinitis (2)

Answer 9

Aspergillus

Cryptococcus

Question 10

Aspergillosis

Answer 10

Canine disease, young dogs with long noses.
Purulent to bring red (sirup like) discharge. Epistaxis
Painful palpation ulceration can become a systemic illness w/ neurological signs
Rhinoscopy, bone resorption, biopsy, cytology, culture
Topoical 1% Clotrimazole gel + oral itraconazole for 8 weeks
Systemic: Ketoconazole, itraconazole or fluconazole for 8 weeks combined with local debridement

Question 11

Crytococcus

Answer 11

Feline disease
Can have neurological signs with (Cryptococcus var gatti)
Nasal discharge, depigmentation, pain, epistaxis
Rhinoscopy, bone resorption, biopsy, cytology, culture
Topoical 1% Clotrimazole gel + oral itraconazole for 8 weeks
Systemic: Amphotericin B if showing neurological signs combined with surgical debridement

Question 12

Specific rhinitis (3)

Answer 12

Polyps (CAT), excellent prognosis
Foreign bodies
Allergic rhinitis

Question 13

Tumours of the nasal cavity (4)

Answer 13

Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Sarcoma

Question 14

Nasal tumours

Answer 14

Discharge and systemic signs
X-ray, rhinoscopy, CT, biopsy
Treatment: radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, Euthenasia.

Question 15

Diseases of the pharynx (4)

Answer 15

Foreign body
Retropharyngeal abscess
Nasopharyngeal polyp
Nasopharyngeal stenosis

Question 16

Retropharyngeal abscess

Answer 16

Migrating foreign body

Salivation, dysphagia, dyspnoea, painful neck, WBC increased.

Question 17

Nasopharyngeal stenosis

Answer 17

Young cats
Open mouth breathing,
Surgery, balloon dilatation

Question 18

Soft palate abnormalities (3)

Answer 18

Elongated soft palate (Brachycephalic breeds)
Cleft palate (Neonate patients, surgery!)
Soft palate hypoplasia (Brachycephalic breeds)