Napoleonic Rule in Italy and the Development of Nationalism

Question 1

What changes did Napoleon make that paved the way for future development in Italy?

Answer 1

• Amalgamated states which enabled trading and lack of division
• Introduced representative government to provide ideas of democracy
• Gave opportunities of military experience in Napoleonic armies and Italy itself gained an army of 80,000
• Ideas of Nationalism and Liberalism increased in the middle classes, especially caused by hatred of the French
• Reduced the influence of the church

Question 2

What changes to Italy were caused by the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 2

• Piedmont restored its King and grew to include Savoy and Genoa
• Kings and rulers faithful to Austria instated so that Austrian influence now dominated most places

Question 3

What were Metternich’s views on Italy?

Answer 3

“Italian affairs do not exist”

wished to “extinguish the spirit of Italian unity and ideas about constitutionalism”

Question 4

What were the opinions of the Peasants about who ruled them?

Answer 4

• 80% of the population were impoverished peasants who didn’t concern themselves with politics or who ruled them

Question 5

How did the restored Monarchs change Italy?

Answer 5

• Many are viewed as reactionary through their alliances to the Church and Hapsburgs
• Ferdinand in Tuscany developed more social infrastructure and public support systems such as healthcare and education with little censorship so people such as Mazzini could spread ideas
• Duchess Marie Louise in Parma removed the Napoleonic code and replaced it with a similar reviewed version

Question 6

How did reactionary restored monarchs change their provinces?

Answer 6

Piedmont/Modena
- All of Napoleon’s changes were removed, church/nobles reclaimed influence and land while Jews were oppressed again

Papal States
- Reign of the Zealots
- Church controlled every aspect of life and Jews were heavily repressed, with children being taken away and brought up Christian

Naples
- Oppressive rule and the abolition of all future constitutions

Question 7

How did the restored monarchs affect everyday life?

Answer 7

• Increased economic divide and created many more landless and homeless peasants
• Customs barriers restored
• Increasingly impoverished circumstances

Question 8

How did other ideologies develop and what were they?

Answer 8

• Napoleon had inspired the growth of national feeling and liberalism, especially in intellectuals and the middle classes
• Many questions arose however due to the large array of ideas in such a limited group of people, leading to only minor progress for movements
• Ideas of being united by a common language. history and culture

Question 9

What factors prevented political progress?

Answer 9

• Widespread illiteracy and poverty, more loyalty to the state over country
• Language barriers
• Church limited the ability for the spread of ideas through its own preaching and domination of Italian life
• Many ties to the Austrian dynasty, Postal convention and Metternich’s spies/police - By keeping italy divided it was easier to control
• Holy alliance meant that the status quo in Europe was not easily to be shifted