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french rev > napoleon and europe: decline and fall > Flashcards

napoleon and europe: decline and fall Flashcards

1
Q

when did Russia declare war on britain

A

nov 1807

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2
Q

n desire to bring about the defeat of Britain took him back to Italy

A

1808

invaded papal states – all of Italy except sicily under French control

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3
Q

n’s 2 big mistakes

A

occupation of spain 1808

invasion of Russia 1812

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4
Q

2 decrees from milan

A

23 november
17 december 1807
which extended the continental blockade to include neutral countries

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5
Q

The ‘Spanish Ulcer’ - when was lisbon captured

A

30 november 1807 – royal family evaded

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6
Q

Peninsular war

A

o Half of French soldiers lost in campaign
o Failed its primary objective of enforcing continental blockade
o Overran Portugal 1807 but couldn’t ensure blockade along coastline

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7
Q

n summoned Spanish king and heir to france – replaced by Joseph

A

1808

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8
Q

Spanish revolt

A

2-4 may 1808
o murat responded – 100 spaniards executed in return for 31 frenchmen
population set up juntas - nobility and clergy guerilla warfare

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9
Q

French defeated at baylen

A

o july 1808

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10
Q

Br sent a force to peninsula

A

o august 1808 and drove French out of Portugal

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11
Q

N personal control

A

o Arrived autumn 1808 with 270,000 army of spain and reversed defeat
o Br forced to give up and evacuated from corunna by royal navy

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12
Q

br under Arthur Wellesley Portugal

A

• 1808
o 35000 men relying on guerrilla forces
o exploted fr weakness – lack of supplies and exploiting br navy

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13
Q

news of austria’s mobilisation

A

• beginning of 1809 prompted n to leave spain

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14
Q

battle of talavera

A

• 1808- angl Spanish army decided not to advance further into spain

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15
Q

massena launched invasion of Portugal

A

1810 • to force out british and enforce continental bloackade
• wellington withdrew to defend Lisbon
• secure behinf lines of torres Vedras – defence fortifications arounf Lisbon and supplied by navy – wellington prepared for siege against fr
• Massena couldn’t dislodge british and suffered 25000 casualties

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16
Q

Massena withdrew forces back into spain

A

March 1811

• 353000 french troops in spain but no authority

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17
Q

wellington captured ciudad Rodrigo and bajadoz

A

1812

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18
Q

northern spain liberated

A

o 1813 following Victoria at vittoria

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19
Q

French forces driven back across pyrenees and defeated at Toulouse

A

o 1814

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20
Q

N decision to leave spain

A

1809 – no leadership or commander

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21
Q

Access to Spanish markets in Europe and south America boost british exports

A

o £48 million in 1810 from £38 in 1808

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22
Q

Consequences of peninsular war

A
  • Eroded fr military prestige – maintanenance – ‘spanish ulcer’
  • Relieved pressure on Britain
  • Ordinary Spanish people lost
  • Franco Spanish attack on Portugal – br committed military
  • N inability to resolve – doubts on judjment
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23
Q

War with austria

A

1809 war on two fronts When n reached paris from spain in jan 1809
• Opposing n was a rejuvenated army led by archduke Charles – invaded Bavaria southern Germany

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24
Q

Leaving paris

A

14 april 1809 – danube valley

o Defeat of Austrians at eckmull, expelled from Bavaria

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25
n occupied Vienna
12 may
26
• artillery barrage – archduke attacked French near aspern and esseling
o 2 days battle – each side lost 20000 men | o French withdrew onto large island in danube – first military defeat of n’s career
27
• wagram
3rd encounter 2-4- july 1809 o 30,000 casualties each army Austrian retreat and request for armistice
28
Treaty of schonbrun
``` october 1809 ♣ Austria lost Illyrian provinces ♣ Reduction to 150000 men ♣ 85 mill francs ♣ continental blockade ```
29
divorced wife
12 jan 1810
30
• proxy marriage in Vienna with marie louise, Austrian emperor’s daughter
march 1810 little enthusiasm in france end of alliance with Russia
31
invasion of Russia
1812 mutual distrust o n’s refusal to support tsar’s ambition to seize Constantinople (Istanbul) o n's annexation of north german state of Oldenburg – tsar sister married to ruler of duchy of Oldenburg o alexander attacked Sweden with French encourgament but then seized and annexed Swedish finland o arguments over warsaw
32
tsar withdrawal from CB
last day of 1810 – new trade tarrif that favoured br
33
• n- most cosmopolitan forces since crusades of 12th century and largest ever
o grand armee 600000 | ♣ only 270000 frenchmen
34
• n crosse river Niemen into Russian territory
22 june 1812 • Russian armies refused French, retreating before them destroying food supplies N drawn deeper into Russia
35
• Disease struck men before campaign had begun
60,000
36
• horses died from eating unripe corn
1000
37
mid august – central army had lost...
100000 men
38
pressing on to Smolensk
• Russian commander kutosov urged on by tsar fought and waited with an army of 120000 west if Moscow near village Borodino
39
• day long battle
7 september 1812 prolonged artillery duel and fierce fighting French
40
Order of the day n declared
he was at the battle but really 60 miles away
41
n’s advanced guard went into deserted Moscow
14 sept 1812 | n stayed for a month
42
withdraw
* 19 oct 1812 * route down south for army of now 107000 * March over battlefield of Borodino with decaying bodies of 30000 of their own dead
43
Retreat from Moscow
By the time n reached Smolensk in mid November there were only 50,000 in the grand armee • Army left Smolensk – marched west • Russians rached river beresina before french and demolished the bridges o N discovered a ford with 2 bridges o Then destroyed and many drowned
44
Of 40000 men of grand armee who got across bridge,
o 25000 survuved to reach Germany at the end of the year
45
only allowed - weeks to defeat russia
9
46
mallet conspiracy
22-3 oct 1812 Fragility of imperial gov exposed o plot by former generals almost succeeded in persuading some key officials that the emperor was dead and provisional gov needed to be formed – plotters executed
47
6th coalition
• feb 1813 – anti French alliance Russia and Prussia • tsar alexander formed coalition o Russia, Prussia, Britain
48
prussia declared war on france
16 march 1813
49
lutsen and Bautzen
2 may, 20 may o n victorious but didn’t inflict decisive defeat o still in peninsular war
50
accepted Austrian armistice
4 june 1813
51
peace: | • Russian and Prussia negotiations in Dresden, Metternich drew up a proposal for n
``` o Return Illyrian provinces o Give up duchy of warsaw o Withdraw from Germany and Italy o Recognise independence of the states of confederation of rhine • N made no concessions ```
52
Resumption of war
12 august 1813 austria declared war on france
53
Leipzig
o 16-19 octobet 1813 o 177000 strong grand armee opposed by 250000 allied troops – 1 of the bloodiest battles of Napoleonic era o battle of nations victory to allies
54
baden, Bavaria, wurrtemberg and other states of confederation went to
allies
55
Jerome out of
o Westphalia
56
Saxony occupied by
prussia
57
warsaw to
russia
58
Amsterdam revolt
o drove French from Holland
59
o Illyrian provinces
abandoned
60
grand empire consisted of
belgium, swizerland, austria
61
allies offered n a ceasefire due to pressure from br – t of Chaumont
feb 1814 o restore france to pre rev 1791 borders o coalition – quadruple alliance – 20 years • n rejected terms –
62
allies entered paris along with bourbon king louis XVIII
31 march 1814
63
Senate deposed n
2 april
64
Agreed to abdicated
• 6 april 1814
65
Reached island of elba
• 4 may 1814
66
Hundred days campaign
1815:
67
first treaty of paris
``` • 30 may 1814 o France restored to frotniers of 1792 o French colonies captured restored o No indemnity o Looted art treasures did not have to be returned ```
68
Congress of Vienna
• autumn 1814 o Tsar wanted all of Poland with compensation for Prussia o Br and sutria made secret alliance against Prussia and Russia
69
N escaped elba and landed in southern france
1 march 1815 o n offered to negotiate with austria and br to break up alliance o both rejected, declared him an outlaw and aligned themselves against him with Prussia and Russia
70
• n marched north to paris with former soldiers and generals
• king fled from city • political concession through acte additionnel o drafted by Benjamin constant • plebiscite with 20% of electroare
71
order of day 14 june 1815
• for every Frenchman with a heart the moment has come to conquer or perish’
72
• battle near Belgian village of waterloo
18 june 1815 • n had a numerical advantage pver wellington • favour of allies determined by Prussians • n’s defeat marked the end of the Napoleonic era • army of 125000 – targets of allied armies in Belgium under wellington and Prussian general blucher
73
• louis xviii made second entry to paris
8 july
74
n final abdication
22 june 1815 and exile to st helena
75
, second treaty of paris
• 1815 reduced frontiers of france to those of 1790
76
n to be exiled to st Helena
• 17 oct 1815 and remained until death 5 may 1821
77
congress of Vienna
• treaty 9 june 1815 accepted by allies that france neede to be contained within frontiers – ring of buffer states o Austrian infouence in northern Italy o Kingdom of Sardinia piedmont guarded SE frontier o North – Belgium united with Holland o East – Switzerland independence, and Rhineland – Russia
78
• Satellite states:
o Italy – naples returned to bourbon rule and other states to 1796 boundaries o Papal states to pope o Germany - - 41 sovereign states – new german confederation o Russia acquired Poland o Spain – bourbon rule

french rev (2 decks)

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