Napoleon

Question 1

What were common criticisms of the Directory?

Answer 1

It was considered to be full of corruption and sleaze

Question 2

In which years did Napoleon serve as first Consul?

Answer 2

1799-1804

Question 3

When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?

Answer 3

2nd of December 1804

Question 4

Why is Napoleon immediately popular?

Answer 4

He fights the wars he inherits to a successful conclusion- major victory in 1805 at Austerlitz.

Question 5

What were the terms of the Concordat?

Answer 5

Napoleon granted the Catholic Church many of its traditional privileges and rights in France, in return priests preached obedience to his regime.

Question 6

How does Napoleon manoeuvre his way to become First Consul and then Emperor?

Answer 6

Through rigged plebiscites

Question 7

How does Napoleon fix the economy?

Answer 7

Created the bank of France, and begins issuing the French Franc.

Question 8

What piece of legislation was passed in March 1804, and what were some of its provisions?

Answer 8

The Code Napoleon
Established rule of law, rules for civil proceedings, family life (women lose all autonomy), and colonial policy (reintroduces colonial slavery)

Question 9

What does Geoffrey Ellis assert about Napoleonic Rule?

Answer 9

That Napoleon’s words and actions were contradictory, and that he was a pragmatist.

Question 10

What happened to freedom of movement under Napoleon?

Answer 10

It was heavily restricted, with a strict passporting system within the Empire.

Question 11

When was the Code of Civil Procedure introduced, and what did it do?

Answer 11

Imposed in 1806, imposed mandatory court arbitration on all disputes- even where there was agreement between parties.

Question 12

What was Napoleon’s policy on religion?

Answer 12

Lay confraternities remained outlawed
Religious orders shut down in conquered regions
Jews made to pay for their rights in Frankfurt

Question 13

What did Napoleon think of the press?

Answer 13

That it should exist in the service of the state and as an instrument for propaganda.
Each department allowed one newspaper, exception was Paris with four
Napoleon believed that if he were to give the press free reign, he would not stay in power for three months (1804)

Question 14

Which law did Napoleon maintain which permitted the gendarmerie to occupy a town at the town’s expense after any minor disturbance?

Answer 14

Law of the 10 Vendemiaire Year IV

Question 15

What happened in the Werbroeck affair of 1813?

Answer 15

The Mayor of Antwerp was accused of fraud, acquitted by a Belgian court. Napoleon ordered a retrial and he died in prison.

Question 16

What measures did the Napoleonic regime have to detain opponents?

Answer 16

From 1810 the Privy Council was able to detain state prisoners without a trial.
The police wielded ‘mesure du haute police’ which gave them equal power at a lower level.

Question 17

By 1814 how many political prisoners had been detained without trial?

Answer 17

as many as 2500 names.

Question 18

Why was conscription in Napoleonic France unfair?

Answer 18

The rich could purchase replacements.

Question 19

What why was Spain dubbed ‘an ulcer’?

Answer 19

Constant guerilla warfare against French troops.

Question 20

What does Paul Schroder say?

Answer 20

Paul Schroder argues that Napoleon has to dominate everybody else, the French are willing to acquiesce to this but the british are not.

Question 21

What sorts of conquered people liked Napoleonic rule and why?

Answer 21

Businessmen who enjoyed access to the ‘common market’

Previously oppressed minorities now equal under French rule

Question 22

When does Napoleon invade Spain?

Answer 22

In 1808, the Spanish rebel in May.

Question 23

How many troops did Napoleon lose in Russia?

Answer 23

Over 400,000.

Question 24

What happened at Marengo?

Answer 24

First person since Charlemagne to take an army over the Alps and winning a breathtaking and legendary victory at Marengo.

Question 25

What trend does Philip Dwyer note in the French media?

Answer 25

A trend to venerate individual glory, especially military

Question 26

Which treaty marked the end of war on the Continent after the French Revolution?

Answer 26

Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)

Question 27

What nickname did some in Paris give Napoleon after the Treaty of Campo Formio?

Answer 27

Italique

Question 28

What were the differences between Napoleon’s image in France and in the rest of the Empire?

Answer 28

In France, prior to being crowned Emperor, Napoleon gave the image of ‘first citizen’, a true revolutionary.
In Italy and Germany, Napoleon dined in public, held court, and was driven in his carriage like a King.

Question 29

What tradition did General Bonaparte reinstate to win the support of other officers?

Answer 29

He hosted ‘common tables’ for his officers to dine at, at his own expense- a tradition that had ceased in the French Republic but was part of the ancien regime.

Question 30

What was written within eighteen hours of Napoleon returning from his Egyptian campaign?

Answer 30

A play titled ‘The Return of the Hero or Bonaparte at Lyon’

Question 31

Why does Shroeder argue Bavaria and Wurttemberg abandoned Napoleon?

Answer 31

Because he kept demanding more money and men, while refusing to protect them.

Question 32

Who argues that peace on Napoleon’s terms was more dangerous and humiliating than war?

Answer 32

Paul Schroeder

Question 33

What does Paul Schroeder argue were Napoleon’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 33

He argues that he had no set targets or aims.

Question 34

What did Ferdinand Foch say of Napoleon?

Answer 34

He forgot that a man cannot be God.