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Modern > 1848 > Flashcards

1848 Flashcards

1
Q

Why had the aristocracy in the 19th century broken from liberalism?

A

The bloodshed and horror of the French revolution

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2
Q

What does Charles Poutas suggest the bourgeois revolutionaries got their inspiration from?

A

‘the fertile political schools of the Restoration’
Lamennais’ ‘L’avenir’
Messianic republicanism, a dogma that France had a mission to spread liberty and nationality

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3
Q

What did Lamennais’ ‘L’avenir’ demand?

A

Local administration, secularisation, freedoms of speech, assembly, and the press, greater suffrage.

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4
Q

Which basic rights did European liberals demand?

A 
Freedom of the individual
Reformed legal procedure and introduction of juries 
Freedom of the press
Representative assemblies 
A national guard
Secularisation
Ending of police regime
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5
Q

What were the differences between French and German nationalism?

A

The French concept of the nation was of ‘a spiritual community formed by voluntary association of free men’
The German concept saw the nation as a natural organism, with specific genius found in culture, language and history.

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6
Q

What proportion of Europe was still ruled by feudal regimes?

A

three-quarters

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7
Q

Why were industrial workers facing a particularly bad situation?

A

They were no longer protected by corporatism, and were yet to benefit from unionisation and collective bargaining.

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8
Q

In which year did the agricultural crisis begin?

A

1846, the decade was known as ‘the hungry forties’

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9
Q

When did the financial crisis strike, and what were the consequences?

A

Early 1847, which led to a total drying up on credit and a subsequent industrial crisis.

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10
Q

Which was the first revolution of 1848?

A

The Paris Revolution, 22nd of February

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11
Q

What sparked the Paris Revolution?

A

The outlawing of democratic political banquets bringing the crowds out in support of the middle classes.

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12
Q

What rights were granted in the new French Republic?

A

Universal suffrage
Absolute freedom of the press and of association
The abolition of the death penalty for political offences
The abolition of slavery
The abolition of the debtor’s prison
The creation of a parliament

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13
Q

What sparked the revolution in central Europe?

A

The Emperor in Vienna being forced by the mob to promise major liberal reforms on the 15th of March.

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14
Q

What was the impact in Italy of the fall of Metternich’s government?

A

Fierce fighting in Milan to force out the Austrians

By March 26th Austrian forces were out of Venetia and Lombardy.

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15
Q

How did Berlin react to the fall of Vienna?

A

Masses of unemployed men took to the streets and were met with brutality by the army.
The brutality led more to take to the streets, the people forced the king into surrendering to liberal demands.

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16
Q

What impact did the fall of Berlin to revolution have?

A

It led to a series of bloodless revolutions across all the monarchies of central Germany, Saxony and Hanover. The emergence of a republican party in Western Germany.

17
Q

Why did French workers revolt on the 21st of June?

A

Due to the French government giving some of them an ultimatum to either leave for the provinces or join the army.

18
Q

What was the outcome of the French civil war 22-26th June?

A

military rule under General Cavaignac

19
Q

What committee was founded in Berlin on the 19th of April?

A

The Central Committee of Working Men

20
Q

Why were the working class ineffective politically in Germany?

A

They had split into the artisans and the factory workers, with opposing ambitions

21
Q

Why did the hopes of a united Italy fade away?

A

Successful Austrian reconquest of Lombardy and Venetia.

22
Q

What impact does Poutas suggest 1848 had on the proletarianisation of the masses?

A

That it set it in motion, or hastened it

23
Q

What lasting victories did peasants win?

A

The abolition of serfdom everywhere except Russia, and the freedom to move.

24
Q

Why are Marxist interpretations of the 1848 revolution flawed?

A

They are too general, and presuppose an industrial proletariat which only existed in England.

25
Q

Why were there so many bourgeois agitators in Prussia?

A

There was ‘an excess of educated men’

26
Q

Why was the revolution able to crushed in Prussia and Austria?

A

The army remained loyal to the Crown.

27
Q

Why were the Hungarians under Kossuth defeated?

A

Russia sent in three armies to help Austria.

28
Q

What long-term impacts do the revolutions have on politics and government in Europe?

A

People become more politically engaged
Government becomes more transactional
Unemployment dealt with more seriously by governments (Louis Napoleon invests in construction projects, not unlike FDR new deal)

29
Q

How many factory workers were made redundant in Vienna in 1847?

A

10,000

30
Q

What did Ernst Engel argue ‘triggered the bomb’ in many parts of Europe?

A

The economic crisis

31
Q

Why were households in the period so sensitive to price changes?

A

They spent between two thirds and three quarters of their incomes on nourishment, which was not diversified at all (grain and potatoes).

32
Q

What group do Berger and Spoerer argue had the biggest impact on revolution?

A

The working poor, who provided the ‘muscle’ due to economic shortages and fear

33
Q

What had happened to grain prices after mid 1847? What was the consequence?

A

There was a good harvest in 1847, and prices decreased, allowing workers to take their focus away from survival and to reflect on the trauma of starvation, before turning it to political action.

34
Q

What happened to the urban lower and middle classes,financially during 1845-1847?

A

They were forced to reduce their rate of saving and run down their financial assets.

35
Q

What impact do Berger and Spoerer argue the grain-price shock had on industry?

A

They argue that countries which experienced a grain-price shock in 1846/47 also faced an industrial recession in 1848.

36
Q

What do Berger and Spoerer argue believe spared Britain and Sweden a revolution?

A

Fairly normal grain prices meant no industrial recession, and so no revolution.

37
Q

Who found that poor-relief in England and the Netherlands was significantly higher than in countries that underwent revolution?

A

Peter Lindert

38
Q

What correlation do Berger and Spoerer find between repression and revolution?

A

Revolution was not determined by repression, but violence in the revolution war.

39
Q

Who said that ‘society was cut in two: those who had nothing united in common envy, and those who had anything united in common terror’

A

Alexis de Tocqueville

Modern (3 decks)

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