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SOM 3 > Nanoparticles > Flashcards

Nanoparticles Flashcards

1
Q

name methods of nanoparticles in imaging

A

2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose [FDG] for positron emission tomography [PET]

Iodinated small molecules for Computer Tomography (CT)

Chelated gadolinium for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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2
Q

what are nanoparticles disadvantages in imaging?

A

low signal intensity
poor stability
nonspecific interactions
rapid clearance

= fewer cells imaged at a time

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3
Q

how do PET scans work?

A

Detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by
a positron- emitting radionuclide

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4
Q

when are PET scans used?

A

detecting cancer metastasis

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5
Q

how do CT scans work?

A

computer generation of multiple X-RAY images from multiple angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images

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6
Q

when are CT scans used?

A

CT colonoscopy = high risk of colon cancer
full-motion heart scans = risk of heart disease

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7
Q

how do MRI scans work?

A

strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body

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8
Q

when are MRI scans used?

A

staging rectal/prostate cancer

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9
Q

why do we use nanoparticles in imaging?

A
  1. high avidity as they can be coated with multiple ligands
  2. allow multiple bond interactions
  3. = nanoparticle accumulation at tumour site
  4. = increase signal-to-noise ratio
  5. longer circluation
  6. repeated imaging
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10
Q

why do we use nanoparticles in diagnostics?

A
  • Nanoparticles can lead to improved solubility of cargo, especially of large molecules (such as mRNA, siRNA, antibodies or other protein drugs) which may be hydrophobic.
  • Nanoparticles provide an outer layer of functionalization, which helps improve the stability and protects these molecules from enzymatic, pH or other environmental factors which may cause premature degradation prior to them reaching the target disease site in the body.
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11
Q

how do pregnancy test work?

A

test detects human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone excreted in urine

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12
Q

when are gold NP’s used?

A

diagnostic
testing for pregnancy
attached with monoclonal antibody for hCG
once attach n travelled = strip activated

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13
Q

what are SPIONS

A

Small nanomaterials consisting of iron oxide core crystals surrounded by a stabilising polymer or polysaccharide shell

2 most commonly studied iron oxides have been
magnetite (Fe2O4) and maghemite (g-Fe2O3)

MRI contrast agents used in the clinic

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13
Q

what are MRI contrast agents?

A

contrast media used to improve the visibility of internal body structure in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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14
Q

what is the most common MRI contrast agents?

A

gadolinium-based OMNISCAN

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15
Q

what drug classification are MRI contrast agents known as?

A

T1 or T2 agents

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16
Q

what is a disadvantage of SPIONs?

A

phagocytosis by macrophages = detection of macrophage infiltration

17
Q

how can detection of macrophage infiltration be useful?

A

SPIONs used as MRI contrast agents can be used to detect inflammation and infection therefore help used to detect severe arthritis and osteomyelitis
- inflammation of bone/bone marrow

18
Q

what is SPECT/CT?

A

single photon emission computed tomography
non invasive nuclear imaging test

fused scan can provide more precise information about how different parts of the body function and more clearly identify problems such as tumours (lumps) or Alzheimer’s disease.

19
Q

what can SPECT/CT be used for?

A

identifying tumours (lumps) and alzheimer’s disease

20
Q

what is administered in SPECT/CT?

A

MWNT-DPTA[111In]
IV

21
Q

what are quantum dots?

A

Tiny particles or nanocrystals of a semiconducting material with diameters in the range of 2-10 nanometers

22
Q

name examples of quantum dots?

A

cadmium selenide
fluorescent NPs

23
Q

cadmium selenide PK effects

A

toxic

24
Q

how does size effect fluorescent quantum dots?

A

smaller dots = blue
larger dots = red

25
Q

what are quantum dots used for?

A

cancer diagnosis
sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) mapping

26
Q

what are sentinel lymph nodes (SLN)?

A

first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumour

  • there can be more than one
27
Q

how are sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) detected?

A

using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent quantum dots

28
Q

what do near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent quantum dots do?

A

near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging = fine details of lymphatic flow from the injection site to the SLN

29
Q

what is multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT)?

A

whole body imagine of biochemical markers in small animals

30
Q

how does multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) work?

A

Detects the acoustic waves generated by the thermoelastic expansion of the absorbing molecules of the surrounding environment.

31
Q

what are acoustic waves ? and when are they used?

A

longitudinal waves

for MSOT

32
Q

what are properties of gold NPs?

A

Due to plasmon resonance, gold nanoparticles
exhibit strong optoacoustic responses

long retention times in tissues
current standard for signal generation in optoacoustic imaging
Excellent signal strength and photo-stability

33
Q

what is indocyanine green (ICG)?

A

used in medical diagnostics

determining cardiac output, hepatic function and liver blood flow and for ophthalmic angiography

34
Q

how does indocyanine green (ICG) work?

A

infrared frequencies penetrate retinal layers, allowing ICG angiography to image deeper patterns of circulation

ICG binds tightly to plasma proteins and becomes confined to the vascular system

short half life

35
Q

how are ICG administered?

A

encapsulated in a liposome

36
Q

what is the advantage of encapsulating ICG? and what in?

A
  • Enhances the stability of ICG, addressing its limitations in terms of rapid elimination and poor stability in aqueous media
  • Demonstrates improved physicochemical attributes, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, reducing degradation risks .
37
Q

what is indocyanine green (ICG)?

A

optoacoustic agents

38
Q

what are theranostic applications?

A

therapeutic agent + diagnosing

39
Q

name a theranostic agent

A

Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)

40
Q

what is Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)?

A

a theranostic agent
tripeptide composed of L- arginine, glycine and L-aspartic acid

SOM 3 (26 decks)

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