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PM2B: Journey Through the GI tract > Nancy: Sterilisation > Flashcards

Nancy: Sterilisation Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we sterilise pathogen contamination (salmonella contamination)

A
  1. Microbes harm patient and can cause infectious disease

2. Provides opportunistic infection

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2
Q

Why do we sterilise microbial spoilage (like milk)?

A
  1. Microbes damage product
  2. Degrade API
  3. Make dose unpalatable
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3
Q

What sort of order of growth is microbe growth?

A

First order (doubling time)

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4
Q

What is the order of sterilisation of microbial growth?

A
  1. Death of microbes follow 1st order kinetics
  2. 1000 microbes (0 minutes)
  3. 100 microbes (1 minute)
  4. 10 microes (2 minute)
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5
Q

What is the order of sterility in different forms of pharmaceutical products?

A
  1. Parenteral injection is a major infection hazard
  2. Application to sensitive sites like ocular, ears and creams
  3. Tablets (not so sterile)
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6
Q

What is the sterility assurance level?

A
  1. A level of sterility the pharmacopoeia requires for terminally sterilised products of 10-6 or better
  2. Only 1 microbe should be surviving in 1 million products
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7
Q

What is absolute sterilisation?

A

Absolutely no microbes

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8
Q

How do you do sterilisation testing?

A
  1. One sample is taken
  2. Either liquid, swab or filtrate
  3. Add to culture medium
  4. Wait for 14 days any growth at all? if not it’s sterile
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9
Q

What are the 5 sterilisation methods?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Filtration
  3. Chemical
  4. Irradiation
  5. Gas
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10
Q

Describe how steam sterilisation works, the equipment and what it’s applied on?

A
  1. Steam under pressure
  2. Autoclaves widely used: low cost, certified sterilisation
    (121 degrees, high pressure for 15 to 30 minutes)
  3. Has high latent heat of vapourisation: transfer heat really well to the surface it condenses to
  4. Hydrolysis of proteins in particular, enzymes
  5. Application: Equipment and liquids
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11
Q

Describe how dry sterilisation works, the advantages and disadvantages?

A
  1. Dry oven: 170 degrees for 2 hours
  2. Dry heat kills by oxidation
  3. Not suitable for liquids (dries them out), mainly used for lab glass ware, dental tools and surgical knives
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12
Q

Describe how filtration sterilisation works, what its mainly for and the equipment?

A
  1. Used to sterilise heat sensitive materials such as ophthalmic solutions
    antibiotics
    head sensitive injectables
  2. Membrane filters:
    uniform pore size is VITAL
    0.22 micrometers: Removes most bacteria- NOT VIRUSES
    0.01- 0.1 micrometers: Retains all viruses and some large proteins
  3. Industrial filters: Large cartridges, controlled pressure, continuous use
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13
Q

Describe how some examples of chemical sterilisation work?

A

Examples:
1. Strong acids and bases (HCl and NaOH)

  1. Phenols interupt bio membranes and denature proteins that are low to mid disinfectants
  2. Alcohols denature proteins and dissolve membranes: Mid level disinfectants
  3. Aldehydes: effect the cross link between biomolecules
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14
Q

Describe how the irradiation method of sterilisation works for UV and gamma rays?

A

UV:
1. Rapid surface sterilisation

  1. Surface only absorbed by most material this weak penetration

Gamma rays:
1. Passes many materials deep penetration

  1. Used to sterilise pre packaged products (in-situ)
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15
Q

Describe how the gas method of sterilisation works?

A

Mist and spray:
1. Rapid surface sterilisation

Ethylene Oxide:
1. Sterilisation of heat sensitive products

  1. Highly flammable, toxic and carcinogenic
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16
Q

What are the conditions that influence the effectiveness of anti-microbial agents?

A
  1. Types of micro-organisms (genera, species, strains and cells structure)
  2. Concentration of micro-organsisms
  3. Physiological state (age, growth medium)
  4. Environmental conditions (pH, viscosity)
  5. Temperature
17
Q

What ar the three steps taken to produce sterile products?

A
  1. Sterilisation- disinfection and killing
  2. Aseptic Handling- keep it clean
  3. Quality control and monitoring- spot the danger
18
Q

What are the organisms of are hardest to kill via sterilisation?

A 
Hardest to easiest to kill:
Prions 
Bacterial spores
Fungal spores 
Yeasts (spores and vegatative cells) 
Gram negative bacteria 
Gram positive bacteria 
Fungi 
Viruses

PM2B: Journey Through the GI tract (38 decks)

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