Naming compounds Flashcards
Define the term “Hydrocarbon”
A compound which contains carbon and hydrogen only
Define the term “Saturated hydrocarbon”
A hydrocarbon which contains only single carbon-carbon bonds
Define the term “unsaturated hydrocarbon”
A hydrocarbon which contains one or more double carb-carbon bonds
Define the term “functional group”
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Define the term “homologous series”
A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the same functional group
Each successive member differs by a CH2 group
Show a trend in physical properties
Define the term “structural isomers”
Compounds with the same formula but different structures
Define the term “Macromolecule”
A large molecule built up from small units called monomers
What is a test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons will decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)
How do you name compounds that are alkanes
-ane e.g. methane
How do you name compounds that are alkenes
-ene e.g. methene
How do you name compounds that are alcohols
-ol e.g. methanol
How do you name compounds that are carboxylic acids
-oic acid e.g. methanoic acid
How do you name compounds that are esters
-alkyl-oate e.g. methyl ethanoate
Name the first four alkanes
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
What is the equation for cracking alkanes
Alkane —–> Shorter alkane + alkene (heat and cayaylst used)
What is the equation for cracking ethane
Ethane —-> Ethene +Hydrogen (Catalyst and heat used)
What is the equation for combustion of alkanes
Alkane + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water
What is the equation for making chloroalkanes
CH4 + Cl2 —–> CH3Cl + HCl (UV light used)
What is the equation for hydrogenation of alkenes
Ethene + Hydrogen —-> Ethane (Cataylst, heat and pressure used)
What is the equation for bromination of alkenes
Ethene + bromine —–> c2h4br2
What is the equation for hydration of alkenes
ethene + water —-> C2H5OH
What are the two methods of making ethanol
1.) Fermentation of sugars - The sugar is dissolved in water and yeast is added, at about 37*C, Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in the absence of air
C6H12O6 —–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2.) Hydration of ethene - ethene + Water —-> ethanol
What is the equation for combustion of ethanol
C2H5OH + 3O2 —-> 2CO2 + 3H2O
What is the equation for making carboxylic acid
Ethanol ——-> Ethanoic acid
What is the equation for making esters
Carboxylic acid + alchahol —–> ester
Give three examples of fossil fuels
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
How are fossil fuels formed
They are formed from the remains of plant & animals that lived millions of years ago
What is the chemical composition of petroleum
A mixture of hydrocarbons of different sizes
How are different components separated
The different length hydrocarbons have different boiling points, so they can be separated by fractional distillation
How does the size of molecules in petroleum affect their properties
Higher boiling points
Higher viscosities
Less volatile
Burn less easily
State uses for the 8 different fractions obtained when petroleum is refined industrially
Refinery gas - bottled gas for heating & cooking
Gasoline - Petrol for cars
Naptha - making chemicals
Paraffin - aircraft fuel
Diesel oil - fuel for diesel engines
Fuel oil - fuel for ships & home heating systems
Lubricating fraction - lubricants, waxes & polishes
What are the uses of alkenes
Making plastics
What are the uses of ethanol’s
as a solvent
as a fuel
What is a polymer
A large molecule built up from small units called monomers
Explain what is meant by addition polymer
Made from a single monomer which has a c-c double bond
Forms when the double bonds in alkene monomers break and the monomers join together
What is meant by a condensation polymer
A polymer formed when one or two different monomers, each containing two functional groups, join together to form a chain
A small molecule (usually water) is eliminated between each pair of monomers
e.g. proteins, complex carbohydrates (Natural)
Nylon, terylene (synthetic)
