Apparatus Flashcards
What is a burette
Used for accurately measuring the volume of a liquid in cm3 usually during a titration
What is a measuring cylinder
Used for measuring the volume of a liquid
What is a volumetric pipette
Used to accurately measure out a fixed volume of liquid
What is a beaker
Used for containing liquids during a reaction (can also be used to measure the approximate volume of a liquid in cm3 or dm3)
What is a conical flask
Used for containing liquids during a reaction, particularly when performing titrations
What is a thermometer
Used for measuring tempurature in degrees Celsius
What is a weighing balance
used to measure mass in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
What are four pieces of apparatus for measuring volumes in order of their accuracy
Most accurate to least accurate Volumetric pipette Burette Measuring cylinder Beaker
What type of gas can you collect in an upward displacement of air, downward displacement of air, over water, gas syringe
Upward - Co2, So2, HCl;
Downward - NH3. H2
Overwater - CO2, H2, O2
Gas syringe - any gas
What is an independant variable
The only thing that you change as you do the experiment
What is a dependant variable
The thing that you measure in an experiment
What is a control variable
The thing which must be kept constant to ensure your results are valid
define solute
the substance you dissolve in a liquid to make a solution
define solvent
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
define saturated solution
a solution in which no more solute can dissolve
define precipitate
an insoluble chemical produced in a chemical reaction
define pure substance
a material containing only one substance
define impurity
an unwanted substance, mixed in with the substance you want
How is CO2 prepared and tested for
react with calcium carbonate which dilute hcl
Test is if it turns limewater milky
How is Hydrogen prepared and tested for
It is prepared by reacting zinc with dilute hcl
Test is a squeaky pop with a lit splint
How is oxygen prepared and tested for
Prepared by mixing hydrogen peroxide with manganese oxide and test is if it relights a glowing splint
How is ammonia tested for
turns damp red litmus paper blue
How is chlorine tested for
bleaches damp litmus paper
How is sulphur dioxide tested for
decolourises filter paper which has been dipped into purple acidified potassium manganate (VII)
What are two tests for water
- )Cobalt chloride paper turns blue to pink when water is added
- )Anhydrous copper sulfate turns white to blue when water is added
how to test for chloride ions
add silver and it will form a white precipitiate
how to test for bromide ions
add silver and it will form a cream precipitate
how to test for iodide ions
add silver and it will form a yellow precipitate
how to test for carbonate ions
add dilute hcl
Carbon dioxide produced (effervescence). CO2 turns limewater cloudy
how to test for sulfate ions
add dilute hcl
add barium nitrate solution
white precipitate of barium sulfate produced
how to test for nitrate ions
Add sodium hydroxide solution followed by small pieces of aluminium foil
warm gently
ammonia gas is given off (this turns damp red litmus paper blue)
how to test for sulphite ions
Acidify with dilute hydrochloric acid
warm gently
sulfur dioxide gas produced
What colour is the flame test for lithium ions
red
what colour is the flame test for sodium ions
orange/yellow
what colour is the flame test for potassium ions
lilac
what colour is the flame test for copper (ii) ions
blue/green
how to test for copper (ii)
with sodium hydroxide - light blue precipitate, insoluble in excess
with ammonia - light blue precipitate, soluble in excess, gives dark blue solution
how to test for iron (ii)
sodium hydroxide - green precipitate, insoluble in excess
with ammonia - green precipitate, insoluble in excess
how to test for iron (iii)
with sodium hydroxide - red-brown precipitate, insoluble in excess
with ammonia - red-brown precipitate, insoluble in excess
how to test for chromium (iii)
with sodium hydroxide - green precipitate, soluble in excess
with ammonia - grey-green precipitate insoluble in excess
how to test calcium
with sodium hydroxide - white precipitate, insoluble in excess
with ammonia - white precipitate (slight), or nothing at all
how to test for zinc
white precipitate, soluble in excess
white precipitate, soluble in excess
how to test for aluminium
white precipitate, soluble in excess
white precipitate, insoluble in excess
how to test for ammonium ions
Add sodium hydroxide
warm gently
positive result - ammonia gas released, which turns damp red litmus paper blue
what is filtration used for
separates an insoluble solid for a liquid
what is evaporation used for
separates a solute from its solution
what is crystallisation used for
separates a solute from its solution, as crystals
what is distillation used for
separates a solvent from a solution
what is fractional distillation used for
separates liquids with different boiling points from each other
what is chromotography
separates compounds which can be identified based on their rf values
