Names/ Studies Flashcards
Rosenhan and Seligman
(failure to function adequately)
- They proposed signs that are used to determine if someone isn’t coping:
1) No longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules eg maintaining eye contact and respecting personal space
2) Experiences of severe personal distress
3) Behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to either themselves or others
Jahoda
(Deviation from ideal mental health)
- She suggested that abnormal behaviour should be defined by the absence of particular characteristics
- She proposed 6 principles for ideal mental health:
1) Positive view of yourself (high self-esteem) with a strong sense of identity
2) Being capable of personal growth and self-actualisation
3) Being independent of others and self-regulating
4) Having an accurate view of reality
5) Being able to integrate and resist stress
6) Being able to master your environment (love, friendships, work +leisure time) - If an individual doesn’t show one of these criteria they would be classified as abnormal
Mowrer
-Proposed a two-model process model to explain how phobias are learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
Watson and Raynor
- To investigate whether a fear response could be learned through classical conditioning
- Their ppt was an 11 month old called ‘Little Albert’
- Before the experiment Albert showed no response to a white rat
- To examine a fear response, they would hit a metal bar with a hammer behind Alberts head, causing a loud noise which startled him every time he reached for the rat
- They did this 3 times
- Thereafter whenever they showed the white rat Albert began to cry
- Shows that a fear response could be induced through classical conditioning
- Albert also developed a fear towards similar objects including Santa’s white beard
- Albert had generalised his fear to other white furry objects
Bounton
-Evolutionary factors could play a role in phobia, especially if the avoidance of a particular stimulus could have caused pain or even death to our ancestors
Seligman
-The innate predisposition to certain phobias is called biological preparedness
Gilroy ey al
- They examined 42 patients with arachnophobia
- Each patient was treated using 3 45 minute SD sessions
- When examined 3 months and 33 months later, the SD group were less fearful than a control group
Ougrin
That flooding is equally effective to other treatments including SD and cognition therapies
Wolpe
recalled a case with a patient becoming so intensely anxious that she required hospitalisation
Beck
- Cognitive triad
- It is a negative and irrational view of ourselves, our future and the world around us
- For sufferers of depression, these thoughts occur automatically and are symptomatic of depressed people
- According to Beck, negative self-schemas and cognitive biases maintain the negative triad due to faulty info processing
Ellis
- ABC model
- He proposed a 3 stage model to explain how irrational thoughts could lead to depression
- A= activating event= An event occurs, eg friend ignores you when you say hello
- B= Belief= Your belief is your interpretation of the event, which could either be rational or irrational (rational would be that the friend is busy and didn’t see them, but irrational would be that your friend doesn’t like you any more)
- C=Consequences= According to Ellis, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotional outcomes, whereas irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotional outcome, including depression
Boury et al
Found that patients with depression were more likely to misinterpret information negatively (cognitive bias) and feel hopeless about their future (cognitive triad)
Bates et al
Gave depressed patients negative automatic through statements to read and found that their symptoms become worse
Zhang et al
Found that the gene related to lower levels of serotonin is x10 more common on depressed people
Beck (therapy)
- Cognitive behaviour therapy
- If a therapist uses this therapy to treat depression, they will help the patient to identify negative thoughts in relation to themselves, their world and the future, using Becks triad
- The patient and therapist will then work together to challenge these irrational thoughts by discussing evidence for and against
- The patient will be encouraged to test the validity of their thoughts and may be set homework to test their thoughts
