Names/Dates (PAPER 2)

Question 1

Piaget and Inhelder (1956)

Answer 1

Three mountain task

• Had kids to say what a doll on the other side would see
• 3-4 year olds often showed egocentrism.

Question 2

Hughes (1975)

Answer 2

Variation of 3 mountain task

• Asked kids to hide a doll from two policeman dolls.
• Found that younger children were able to see the perspective of the doll
• Keep in mind that the child could have been actually using his own perspective while putting the doll down.

Question 3

Vygotsky THEORY

Answer 3

Suggest a sociocultural perspective on children’s cognitive development

• Knowledge and intelligence develop within framework of a culture’s characteristics
• Influence actions and thoughts toward the world.
• Language and instruction are important factors in intellectual/personal development.
• Instruction through cooperation an interaction is the main vehicle for cultural transmission of knowledge.

Question 4

Krugman (2008)

Answer 4

Argued that children born to poor parents (low socioeconomic status) have a 50% chance of remaining in lifelong poverty.

• Suggests that brains of poor children do not develop optimally and they therefore miss social/economic opportunities.

Question 5

Bhoomika et al. (2008)

Answer 5

Studied effect of malnutrition on cognitive performance.

Used 20 Indian children (5-7/8-10)
+ Control

Results: Malnourished children in both age groups scored lower tests of attention, working memory, and visuospacial tasks.

Older children showed less cognitive impairment, suggesting that effects of malnutrition (cognitive-wise) may result in delayed cognitive development but is not permanent.

Question 6

Ainsworth (1969)

Answer 6

Ganda Project

Observational study of 28 mothers interacting with their child in Uganda over 9 months

Naturalistic (in fam living room)

Intervied; measured maternity sensitivity to infant’s signals and needs.

Question 7

Ainsworth et al. (1978)

Answer 7

Suggested a classification system for attachment:

A. Avoidant attachment (indifferent to mother)
B. Secure attachment (seeks attention)
C. Ambivalent attachment (craves contact but also rejects it)

For cultural differences, it was found that in Japan, type C was more prominent, while in America it was type B.

Question 8

Bowlby (1951)

Answer 8

Attachment = the emotional bond between an individual and an attachment figure

Suggested that there is continuity between child/adult relationships (expectations)

Came up with Internal working model:

• Expectations are a result of a child’s experiences with attachment figures while growing up
• If a child is confident in the reliability of the attachment figure, they will feel loved, secure and worthy of affection

Question 9

Carion et al. (2009)

Answer 9

Performed fMRI scans on children.

Found that children suffering from PTSD after experiencing trauma showed less hippocampal activity compared to the control group.

The children showed withdrawal from those who wanted to help, difficulty remembering trauma, isolation, and lack of emotion

Question 10

Yehuda et al. (2001)

Answer 10

Checked mental health of 51 children of Holocaust survivors.

Found that children of Holocaust survivors were more likely to develop PTSD.

Shows that childhood trauma can be associated with PTSD of a parent. PTSD can be transmitted down to a child.

Question 11

Money and Ehehardt (1972)

Answer 11

Suggested that children are gender neutral at birth. Development of gender identity and adherence of gender role is primarily a consequence of socialization.

Money did a study on David Reimer (who lost his penis under a routine circumcision). [THE BOY WHO WAS RAISED AS A GIRL]

**NOTE THIS STUDY WAS HIGHLY UNETHICAL AND THE RESEARCHER BIAS

Question 12

Mead (1935)

Answer 12

Compared gender roles in three New Guinean tribes

Argued that masculine/feminine roles were not related to biology but gender role ideology in the culture.

Arapesh tribe: both genders were cooperative, gentle and loving. Men and women cooperated equally when dealing with crops and children.

Mundugumor tribe: both genders were arrogant, competitive, and emotionally unresponsive. Constantly quarrelling. Neither gender was interested in children (caused them to be highly independent)

Tchambuli tribe: Men spent much time interested in body adornments and gossip. Women were responsible for food production, tool making, and producing clothes

Question 13

Piaget THEORY

Answer 13

Suggested theory of cognitive development.

Child is an active “scientist” who actively constructs knowledge about the social and physical world they interact with.

Make reference to schemas/schema theory

Suggested stages over time:

Sensorimotor = 0-2yrs; reflexive instinctual action to constructing knowledge through sensory experiences
Preoperational = 2-7yrs; shows egocentrism (cannot see through perspective of others) and lack of conservation (cannot see that things remain constant in spite of change in visible appearance)
Concrete operational = 7-11yrs; can carry out mental operations but needs to see the objects being concretely manipulated (CAN understand conservation test)
Formal operational = 11-15yrs; ability to use abstract reasoning and logic, can hypothesize and mentally manipulate ideas (think Tetris)