Names and Dates Flashcards

1
Q

JM Blaut

A

Argues against environmental determinism as he believes it validates Euro-centrism

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2
Q

Jared Diamond

A

Argues for environmental determinism/ factors influential in development were environmental in his book ‘Germs guns and steel’

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3
Q

Paul Crutzen

A

Popularised the idea of the Anthropocene

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4
Q

Monastersky

A

Argues against the Anthropocene

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5
Q

Erlandson

A

Argues that the Anthropocene should be merged with the holocene

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6
Q

Lewis SL

A

The argues that the Anthropocene should be a new GE because

  1. Atmospheric changes
  2. Marine Sediments

Proposes that it should start in 1610 or 1961.

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7
Q

What are the potential dates for the start of the Anthropocene?

A

a) 50,000-10,000 years ago
b) 11,000-5,000 years ago
c) 1452
d) 1750
e) 1950

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8
Q

50,000 - 10,000 years ago

A
  • Megafauna extinction - loss of 4% of all mammals

- Pleistoncene - use of fire

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9
Q

11,000 - 5,000 years ago

A

Introduction of largescale organised farming

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10
Q

1452

A

Collision of Old and New worlds (the Orbis Spike)

  • dip of CO2
  • mixing of biomes
  • smallpox epidemic –> population decrease –> carbon decrease
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11
Q

1750-1880

A

Industrialisation

  • increase of carbon dioxide
  • 1800 = 280ppmv
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12
Q

1950

A

The Great Acceleration

  • large dams
  • fertilizers
  • CO2
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13
Q

When was the pleistocene?

A

11700 to ~2.6 Ma ago

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14
Q

When was the holocene?

A

11700-present (debatably)

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15
Q

Arthur Tansley (1935)

A

came up with the idea of the concept of the ecosystem

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16
Q

Arthur Miller

A

Tradgedy of the commons

17
Q

Robert Horton

A

Invented infiltration capacity curve.

18
Q

James Hutton

A
  • Father of modern geology
  • He originated the theory of uniformitarianism—a fundamental principle of geology—that explains the features of the Earth’s crust by means of natural processes
    over geologic time
19
Q

Define soil taxonomy.

A

Classifying soils.

20
Q

Describe the soil taxonomy published by the US department of agriculture in 1960.

A
  • Total number of 12 soil orders with six levels of classification
  • order
  • suborder
  • great group
  • sub group
  • family
  • series
21
Q

Describe the United Nations FAO-Unesco soil portal

A

Soil divided into 10 sets with 28 major soil groupings

22
Q

Define a histosol.

A

A soil consisting primarily of organic materials

23
Q

Organic soils

A
  • lowland/ arable
  • also known as peat and muck
  • northern peat best left untouched as is a system for carbon
24
Q

Conditioned by: Humans (Anthrosoils)

A
  • virtually any soil material, modified through cultivation or by addition of material
  • Prior to the advent of chemical fertilizers, rye yields on
    Plaggic Anthrosols were a mere 700 to 1100 kg per hectare.
    Today, these soils receive generous doses of fertilizers;
    average yield levels are 5500 kg per hectare.
25
Conditioned by: Parent material
- three main types 1. andosols (volcanic) 2. arenosols (sand) - dry zone 3. vertisols (clay) - distinct wet and dry seasons
26
Conditioned by: Topography
Lowland soils influenced by topography 1. fluvisols 2. gleysols (mucky mass) High altitude soils influenced by topography 1. leptosols - gravelly/ thin 2. regosols
27
Conditioned by: Limited age
Cambisols - brown/ arable - found in the UK
28
Conditioned by: Climate. Name the different areas of influence.
1. sub-humid tropics 2. arid/ semi-arid regions 3. steppes and steppics 4. humid temperate 5. permafrost
29
What are the 4 main functions of soil?
1. plant growth 2. water storage/supply/ purification 3. modify atmosphere (carbon storage) 3. habitat
30
What is the future of soil?
Amount of arable land per person set to decrease by half by 2050
31
Aristotle
Evidence for spherical earth
32
William Davis
Erosion
33
Ellen Semple
Environmental determinism
34
Green (2007)
Natural hazards as social constructs
35
1300s
major famines in Britain