namen van psychologen pt.2

Question 1

George Müller (Also did consolidation theory for forgetting curve)

Answer 1

proposed associative theory of goal-directed association. This means all associations with stimulus are activated but the response that is “searched for” will receive double the attention.

Question 2

Otto Selz

Answer 2

Disagreed with George Müller over his associative theory of goal-directed association and proposed a symbolic/procedural theory of goal-directed association.
symbolic associative memory: “HAS-A” and “IS-A”
procedural associative memory: “IF-THEN”

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

consciousness is never stable, stream is directed by selective attention and habit.

Question 4

Mary Calkins

Answer 4

Pioneered use of paired associates, still used in episodic memory studies.

Question 5

Stanley Hall

Answer 5

Founder of first psychological laboratory in America, and of APA. Inspired the child stuudy movement.

Question 6

Michael Posner

Answer 6

theory of attention consists of 3 abilities:
alerting, orienting, and executive control
executive control concerns the control of cognition and control of emotion, and is associated with ACC

Question 7

Edward Titchener

Answer 7

tried to understand structure of the mind (structuralism), opposing school is called functionalism, which is focused on mental functions and neurobiology.

Question 8

Robert Woodworth

Answer 8

popularized dependent and independent variables.

Question 9

Herbert Simon

Answer 9

Built on Henry Watt’s work to investigate complex thinking.
Tower of hanoi: requires executive control to resist temptation
Tower of London: Uses balls instead of disks, requires planning and executive control. Patients with frontal lobe damage do not perform well.

Question 10

John stroop

Answer 10

invented “Gold standard of attentional measures” with color-word task.
If colors and words are incongruent, reaction time is slower. also extra activity in ACC, which is used for executive control.

Question 11

Lightner Witmer

Answer 11

Studied with Wundt, founded first journal in clinical psychology (The Psychological Clinic)

Question 12

Hugo Münsterberg

Answer 12

founded forensic psychology and industrial psychology

Question 13

Edward Thorndike

Answer 13

founded Educational psychology and wrote about operant conditioning

Question 14

Sigmund freud

Answer 14

Disagreed with Wundt and James because they thought psychology was the study of conciousness, while Freud thought this was only a small part of it.
He proposed a tripartite model of the mind:
Superego: Moral principle
Ego: reality principle
Id: Pleasure principle

Question 15

John Watson

Answer 15

was of the opinion psychology had failed, and stated that:

• Indivuduals can become anyone through training.
• introspection is unreliable and we need more objective methods.

Question 16

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 16

Is mostly associated with his research on classical conditioning

Question 17

Edward Tolman

Answer 17

experimented with rats, and found that rats create cognitive maps and learn with little motivation and reward, which is not in line with the law of effect. This lead to the decline of behaviorism.

Question 18

Burrhus Skinner

Answer 18

Defended behaviorism to his death and denied the existence of free will in humans

Question 19

Stanislas Dehaene

Answer 19

Assumes there is a Fronto-parietal global workspace where strong stimuli enter and come to our attention. to become conscious of information when information is processed to all specialized systems.

Question 20

attention and consciousness according to Wundt and James

Answer 20

Attention is a part of consciousness and consciousness is necessary for attention (Dehaene thinks this is other way around)

Question 21

Francis Galton

Answer 21

Coined the Nature vs nurture debate. In his research, he used twins and founded different statistical tools like the correlation coefficient and the bean machine.

Question 22

James catell (founded psychological review and Science)

Answer 22

Created mental tests that are useless nowadays

Question 23

Alfred Binet

Answer 23

created a test to seperate normal children and children with a learning impairment. This later became the IQ test

Question 24

Charles Spearman

Answer 24

Found that all correlation coefficients on grades for different subjects are positive, and suggested there must be a general intelligence factor (g). Each subject measures a specific ability (s).

Question 25

Students of Charles Spearman

Answer 25

David Wechsler: designed WAIS to measure g, consists of verbal and performance part.
John Raven: designed progressive matrices test, which was titled: best measure of g
Raymond Cattell: Proposed culture fair intelligence test, which divided g into fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Question 26

variability hypothesis

Answer 26

men have higher variablity in intelligence than women. Letta Hollingworth tested this and found little difference.

Question 27

Kurt Lewin

Answer 27

Founder of social psychology. He claimed behaviour is an interaction between personal characteristics and environmental factors. B = f(P, E)

Question 28

Wolfgang Köhler

Answer 28

“The whole is different than the sum of its parts (gestalt psychology)”

Question 29

Frederic Bartlett

Answer 29

Proposed that recalling memories is a reconstructive processm when it comes to meaning.

Question 30

Noam Chomsky

Answer 30

argued humans have an innate language-acquisition device.

Question 31

Roger Brown

Answer 31

Found that when a word is on the tip of your tongue, you can usually still recall certain parts of the word, like meaning, gender and stress placement.
Also studied flashbulb memories, in which an important moment is remembered in detail, and suggested this is partly due to the amygdala being activated