namen van psycholgen pt.1

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

(assumptions association theory)

• blank slate
• sensoristic (all mental content is sensory)
• atomistic (sensory images are the fundament for higher thinking)
• associative (associations create complex mental processes)

Question 2

Donald Hebb

Answer 2

Hebb’s Law: Neurons that fire together,wire together

Question 3

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 3

• vertical faculties: Domain specific functions
• Localizations: specific functions bilaterally correspond to brain locations
• phrenology: bumps in brain stem shows size of specific area’s

Question 4

Jean Pierre Flourens

Answer 4

Localizationism van Gall vs holism van Flourens
-brainstem lesions lead to loss of vital functions
-cerebellar lesions hinder motor coordination
-cerebral cortex lesions impair higher level functions
Conclusion: some functions are not localized but distributed

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

observed patients with speech problems that had damage to posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus. This area is responsible for motor images of words, and is named Broca’s area.

Question 6

Carl Wernicke

Answer 6

Observed patients with speech comprehension problems with damage to posterior part of left superior temporal gyrus.
This area is named Wernicke’s area and is linked via a fiber tract to Broca’s area and together activate further sensory associations, which is called embodied cognition.
damage to fiber tract results in conduction aphasia

Question 7

different speech aphasia’s

Answer 7

Conduction aphasia: repetition of speech is impaired
Wernicke’s Aphasia: speech comprehension problems
Broca’s Aphasia: speech production problems

Question 8

Johannes Müller

Answer 8

“Thinking is infinitely fast and immeasurable”

Question 9

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Answer 9

Tested Johannes Müller’s theory that thinking is infinitely fast and found that conduction speed is about 30 m/s

Question 10

Frans Donders

Answer 10

Used subtraction method to figure out speed of mental processing.
Conclusion: mental processes take time, and this is measurable
Mental chronometry is still used

Question 11

Saul Sternberg

Answer 11

Used additive method to identify effects on speed of mental processes. (example: clarity of image should affect perception time)

Question 12

Ernst Weber

Answer 12

‘Just Noticeable difference’ = the increase in heaviness of a stimuli that is needed for someone to notice a difference.
Weber found this is not related to real difference in heaviness, but relative to the ratio of compared items.
Weber’s law: ∆R/R = k

Question 13

Gustav Fechner

Answer 13

Built further on Ernst Weber’s work:
Just Noticeable difference is subjectively equal and creates a logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and experienced sensation.
Fechner’s law: S = k log R

Question 14

Norman Geschwind

Answer 14

Revived Carl Wernicke’s work and popularized it in 60’s-70’s.

Question 15

Jerry Fodor

Answer 15

Published a theory that combines localizationism(Gall) and Holism (Flourens)
Central Systems are horizontal faculties (flourens)
Input and output systems are modules and vertical faculties (Gall)

Question 16

Nancy Kanwisher

Answer 16

Claims there are localizable modules for:
-faces
-places
-visual words
-thinking about other people’s thoughts (important for impairment in people with Autism)
Conclusion: central systems are localized in fronto-parietal cortex (generally accepted nowaday)

Question 17

Horizontal Faculties

Answer 17

• learning
• memory
• attention
• perception
• will

Question 18

Difference and similarities of premodern views of Gall and modern views of Fodor and Kanwisher

Answer 18

Similarities:

• reflexes happen without understanding
• they all include a conceptual system

Differences:

• Fodor thought the central system was not localized, whereas today it is seen as the main idea (fronto-pairetal cortex according to Kanwisher)
• Gall assumed a symmetric brain, which is disproven

Question 19

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 19

Birth of scientific psychology: Wundt’s laboratory in Leipzig (1879)
Apperception:
-simple: Comparing and relating
-complex: Synthesis and anlysis

Question 20

James Catell

Answer 20

Disagreed with Wundt on apperception and found apperception does not always increase reaction time.
Also founded journals “Psychological review” and “Science”

Question 21

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 21

Constructed the forgetting curve, and found that the rate of forgetting decreases over time

Question 22

George Müller

Answer 22

Built further on work of Herman Ebbinghaus and found that learning requires consolidation in memory.

Question 23

Théodule-Armand Ribot

Answer 23

Built further on work of Herman Ebbinghaus and George Müller, and suggested that consolidation not only explains the forgetting curve, but also why recent memories suffer the most from retrograde amnesia.

Question 24

Alois Alzheimer

Answer 24

Kom op deze weet je

Alzheimer zit in dr naam

Question 25

Patient H.M.

Answer 25

underwent bilateral removal of hippocampus

• could no longer form new memories
• also showed retrograde amnesia affecting 3 years before surgery
• behavioral learning was still intact

Question 26

Different Kinds of memory

Answer 26

Declarative memory:
-“Knowing that”
-lateral temporal cortex for storage and hippocampus for consolidation
-divided into semantic memory (facts/ events) and episodic memory (personal)
Procedural memory:
-“Knowing how”
-Frontal and Parietal cortex for storage and basal ganglia for consolidation
Emotional memory:
-storage of emotional responses and judgements
-Amygdala

Question 27

Oswald Külpe

Answer 27

Student of Wilhelm Wundt, proposed that higher mental processes could be studied expirementally and investigated how associative processes can be directed. “Goal-driven retrieval processes”

Question 28

Henry Watt

Answer 28

Built further on work of Osward Külpe and goal-driven retrieval processes.

• participants reported the instructions steered them towards a certain response and that the trial did not give them any mental imagery
• this is in opposition to the classic association theory, which states that the strongest association will be produced and that all concepts are made up of sensory images.

Question 29

Michael Posner and Marcus Raichle with PET

Answer 29

findings:

• reading words silently activates left inferior temporal lobe
• reading words out loud activates Broca’s area (left frontal cortex)
• concepts: lateral temporal cortex
• control of direction of association: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)