N5 Unit 1 Biology Flashcards by Nicola Beaton

What is a plasmid?

A circular piece of DNA in bacteria. Used in genetic engineering.

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Examples of animal cells

Nerve cell, red blood cell and white blood cell.

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Examples of plant cells

Root hair cell, xylem and phloem.

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What is cellulose?

A structural carbohydrate. The plant cell wall is made of this material.

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Give a definition of
Unicellular Organisms?

An organism with only one cell (plant or animal).

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Examples of Unicellular Organism

Yeast, Amoebe, Paramecium and Euglena.

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What are the products of fermentation in plants and fungi?

Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and a little energy.

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What are the products of fermentation in animals?

Lactate and a little energy.

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What is the location of aerobic respiration?

Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

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What happens during respiration Stage 1 (Glycolysis)?

The break-down of glucose into pyruvate.

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Give examples of GE products?

Insulin and Human Growth Hormone.

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What are the stages of Genetic Engineering?

Identify and remove gene.
Extract plasmid.
Insert gene into plasmid.
Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell.

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Define denatured?

The shape of an enzyme active site is altered by extreme pH or temperature.

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What are the different types of enzyme reactions?

Synthesis = build-up
Degradation = breakdown

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The uses of energy in cells . . . .

Muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis and transmission of nerve impulses.

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What is ATP?

The energy molecule.
Adenosine
Tri-Phosphate

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Word equation for fermentation in plants and fungi.

Glucose

Ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP

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Word equation for aerobic respiration.

Glucose

CO2 + H20 + 38ATP

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Word equation for fermentation in animals.

Glucose

Lactate + 2 ATP

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What are the products of aerobic respiration?

Carbon Dioxide, Water and Energy.

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What happens during respiration Stage 2 (Breakdown of Pyruvate)?

Breakdown of pyruvate into CO2, H20 and energy.

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What is the function of the cell wall?

For support and strength. Made of cellulose in plants only.

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What is the function of the mitochondria?

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.

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What is the function of the chloroplast?

Site of photosynthesis -contains chlorophyll.

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer which allows some molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

What is the function of the vacuole?

Helps maintain turgor of plant cells. Contains water, dissolved sugars and salts.

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Site of chemical reactions. Contains cell organelles.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains chromosomes made of DNA i.e. genetic code.

What is the function of the ribosome?

Site of protein synthesis.

Define a multicellular organism.

Organism with many cells organised into tissues.

Define microbes.

Organism seen only with a microscope (fungi, bacteria, virus).

Define passive transport.

Transport of molecules down a concentration gradient requires no energy.

What is active transport?

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient. Requires energy.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from a high to low concentration, down a concentration gradient.

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules from a High Water Concentration (HWC) to Low Water Concentration (LWC) through a selectively permeable membrane.

Define plasmolysed.

A plant cell in Low Water Concentration (LWC). Cell contents pull away from the cell wall.

Define turgid.

A plant cell in a High Water Concentration (HWC). Cell contents push against the cell wall.

Examples of diffusion.

Oxygen moves into cell. Carbon dioxide moves out of cell.

Examples of active transport.

Uptake of potassium ions and removal of sodium ions.

What is the effect of high water concentration (HWC) on animal cells?

Cells swell then burst.

What is the effect of high water concentration (HWC) on plant cells?

Vacuole fills with water and pushes against cell membrane.

The effect of low water concentration (LWC) on animal cells.

Cells shrink.

The effect of low water concentration on plant cells.

Cell contents shrink and cell membrane pulls away from cell wall.

What is DNA?

Double stranded helix with complementary base pairs.

What are the complimentary base pairs in DNA?

Adenine + Thymine Cytosine + Guanine

What is a gene?

A section of DNA coding for a protein.

What does the DNA base sequence determine?

Order of amino acids in a protein.

What is the function of mRNA?

Transfers a complementary copy of DNA from nucleus to ribosome.

What is the movement of mRNA in a cell?

From the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Examples of protein functions.

Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors.

What determines the structure and function of a protein?

Sequence of amino acids.

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts – speeds up cellular reactions.

What is an Active Site?

Part of an enzyme – specific shape to match substrate.

What is degradation?

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

What is synthesis?

The build-up of complex molecules from simple ones.

Example of a degradation reaction.

Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water by catalase.

Example of synthesis reaction.

Build up of starch from glucose-1-phosphate by phosphorylase.

Amylase reaction.

Breakdown of carbohydrate into maltose.

Protease reaction.

Breakdown of proteins into peptides.

Lipase reaction.

Breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Define optimum

Temperature or pH where an enzyme works at its best.

The effect of pH on enzymes.

Enzymes work fastest at their optimum pH.

The effect of temperature on enzymes.

An increase will increase the rate of reaction until beyond the optimum.

What is genetic engineering?

The transfer of genetic information from one cell to another.

What is genetic modification (GM)?

Changing the genetic information of an organism.

What is respiration?

A series of chemical reactions releasing energy.

What is aerobic respiration?

Type of respiration using oxygen.

What is fermentation?

Type of respiration in plants and animals using no oxygen.

What happens during respiration Stage 2 (Breakdown of Pyruvate)?

Breakdown of pyruvate into CO2, H20 and energy

How many ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?

38 Molecules.

What is the location of anaerobic respiration?

Cytoplasm only.

How many ATP are produced during fermentation?

2 Molecules.

What are the products of fermentation in animals?

Lactate and a little energy.

What are the products of fermentation in plants and fungi?

Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and little energy.