N5 grammar Flashcards
N1 wa N2 desu
Ram wa nihonjin desu
N1 wa N2 ja arimasen
Ram wa nihonjin ja arimasen
N1 wa N2 desu ka
Raghu wa sensei desu ka?
anohito wa dare (donata) desu ka?
N1 mo N2 desu
Raghu mo enjinia desu
N1 no N2 desu
Raghu wa Manira daigaku no gakusei desu
san - Mr, Mrs, Ms, Miss
kochira wa Raghu san desu
kore/sore/are
this
that
that thing over there
kore wa nan desu ka?
kore wa hon desu
kono/sono/ano
this (followed by noun)
that (followed by noun)
that over there (followed by noun)
kono kasa wa donata no desu ka?
kono kasa wa watashino desu
soudesu
yes, it is
no, it is not
hai, soudesu
iie, souja arimasen
– desu ka – desu ka
yon desu ka kyuu desu ka
N1 no N2
nan no hon?
konpyuutaa no hon
no, substituting for a noun
watashi no hon
kore wa watashi no konpyuutaa no hon desu
soudesuka
I see/ Is that so?
Soudesuka is used by a speaker to acknowledge the receipt of some new information
anohito are wa SPG no gakusei desu
soudesuka?
koko/soko/asoko
here
there
over there
koko wa toirei desu
kochira/sochira/achira
this way
that way
that way over there
kochira wa kaisha desu
N1 wa place desu
achira wa daigaku desu
doko/dochira
where
which way
toire wa doko desu ka?
kaigishitsu wa dochira desu ka?
N1 no N2
kore wa doko no kaban desu ka?
itaria no kaban
ima – ji desuka
ima nanji desu ka
ima gogo san ji juppun desu (3:10 pm)
masu/masen/mashita/masendeshita
watashi wa mainichi benkyoushimasu watashi wa ashita benkyoushimasen watashi wa kinou benkyoushimashita watashi wa kinou benkyoushimasen deshita anata wa kinou yasumimashita ka?
N (time) ni Verb
watashi wa mainichi roku-ji ni okimasu
N1 kara N2 made
watashi wa hachi-ji kara yoji made hatarakimasu
manira kara toukyou made yojikan kakarimasu
N1 to N2
doyoubi to nichiyoubi hatarakimasen
N (place) he ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu
watashi wa Kyoto he ikimasu
watashi wa uchi he kaerimasu
Doko (he) mo ikimasen/kimasen/tabemasen (Deny)
doko mo ikimasen
doko mo kimasendeshita
N (vehicle) de ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu
watashi wa densha de ikimasu
watashi wa takushi de kimasendeshita
N (person/animal) to Verb
watashi wa kazoku to Nihon he kimashita
watashi wa neko to asobimashita
watashi wa neko to kouen de asobimashita
watashi wa hitoride Tokyo he ikimasu
itsu (when)
itsu Nihon he kimashitaka?
itsu Hiroshima he ikimasuka?
~ yo (give new information)
iie ikimasen. tsugino futsuu desuyo
hajimemasuyo
soudesune
The experession soudesune is used to express sympathy or agreement with what the speaker has said.
ahista wa nichiyoubi desune
a, soudesune
N wo Verb (transitive)
The particle wo is used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb
juusu wo nomimasu
pan wo tabemasu
N wo shimasu
shimasu, means that the action denoted by the noun is performed. Play sports or games, Hold gatherings or events, do something
tenisu wo shimasu
shukudai wo shimasu
nani wo shimasuka
This is a question to ask about someone’s actions
nani wo shimasuka?
kinou wo shimashitaka?
sakkaa wo shimashita
nan & nani
nan is used when it preceds a word whose first sound is in the ta, da or nan row
sore wa nan desuka?
nan no hon desuka?
nan de tokyo he ikimasuka?
shinkansen de ikimasu
nani wo kaimasuka?
N (place) de V
When added after a noun denoting a place, the particle de indicates the occurrence of an action in that place
eki de shinbun wo kaimasu
V masenka
This expression is used when the speaker wants to invite someone to do something
isshoni Kyoto he ikimasenka?
ee, iidesune
V mashou
This expression is used when a speaker is positively inviting the listener to do something with the speaker. It is also used when responding positively to an invitation
chotto yasumimashou
isshoni hirugohan wo tabemasenka?
ee, tabemashou
~ ka
ka indicates that the listener has received and accepted some new information
nichiyoubi Kyoto he ikimashita
Kyoto desuka, iidesune
N (tool/means) de V
The particle de indicates a method or means used for an action
watashi wa hashi de tabemasu
watashi wa nihongo de repooto wo kakimasu
naaifu de ringo wo kirimasu
Word/Sentence wa ~ de nandesuka
This question is used to ask how to say a word or sentence in another language
arigatou wa eigo de nan desuka?
Thank you desu
thank you wa nihongo de nan desuka?
arigatou desu
N1 (person) ni N2 o agemasu
gave, lent, teach
Verbs like agemasu, kashimasu, oshiemasu indicate imparting things or information, so they must be used with a noun saying to whom those things or information are imparted. The particle ni is used to denote the recipient
watashi wa kimura san ni hana wo agemashita
watashi wa Lee san ni hon wo kashimashita
watashi wa Yamada san ni eigo wo oshiemasu
N1 (person) ni N2 o moraimasu
receive, borrow, learn
Verbs like moraimasu/karimasu/naraimasu indicate receiving things or information, so they must be used with a noun saying to whom those things or information are received. The particle ni is used to denote the person
watashi wa yamada san ni hana wo moraimashita
watashi wa karina san ni CD wo karimashita
watashi wa Wang san kara/ni Chuugokugo wo naraimasu
mou V mashita
mou means already and is used with V mashita. In this case, V mashita means that the action has been completed.
mou nimotsu okurimashitaka?
hai, mou okurimashita
iie, mada okurimasen
iie, mada desu
Omission of particles
Particles are often omitted in informal speech when the relationship between the parts of speech before and after them are obvious
kono supuun, sutekidesune
koohii, mou ippai ikagadesuka
N1 wa adj desu
They are divided into two groups: i and na adjectives depending on how they inflict
watto san wa shinsetsu desu
miraa san wa hansamu desu
fuji san wa takai desu
sakura wa kirei desu
Na is retained when placed before a noun
watto san wa shinsetsu na sensei desu
fuji san wa takai na yama desu
i is used before desu and also before noun
nihongo wa yasashii desu
kono koohii wa atsui desu
Na adjective -ve form
The non-past negative of na is formed by dropping the na and attaching ja arimasen
sakura wa kirei ja arimasen
basu wa benri ja arimasen
i adjective -ve form
The non-past negative of i is formed by dropping the i and attaching kunai desu
miraa san wa isogashikunai desu
kono koohii wa atsukunai desu
~ ga - But
Connects two statements. If the first clause is positive, then second will be negative. And vice versa.
shigoto wa isogashi desuga, omoshiroi desu
nihogo no tabemono wa oishii desuga, takai desu
totemo (very)
totemo is used with affirmative sentence.
metro wa totemo benri desu
oosaka wa totemo samui desu
amari (not very)
amari is used with negative sentence.
kono pasokon wa amari yokunai desu
sore wa amari yuumei na byouin ja arimasen
N1 wa doudesuka
how was it?
nihon no seikatsu wa doudesuka?
N1 wa donna N2 desuka
what kind of?
nara wa donna machi desuka?
N ga arimasu/wakarimasu
The objects of some verbs and adjectives are marked with ga
watashi wa kuruma ga arimasu
watashi wa eigo ga wakarimasu
N ga suki/kirai/jouzu/heta desu
like
dislike
good at
bad at
watashi wa itaria ryouri ga suki desu
watashi wa tenisu ga jouzu desu
donna N
what kind of?
donna supootsu ga suki desu ka?
sakka ga suki desu
yoku/daitai/takusan/sukoshi/amari/zenzen
These adverbs are placed before verbs to modify them
watashi wa eigo ga yoku wakarimasu watashi wa eigo ga amari wakarimasu watashi wa okane ga takusan arimasu watashi wa okane ga zenzen arimasen koko wa sukoshi samui desu ano eiga wa zenzen omoshirokunai desu
Sentence1 kara Sentence2
A statement beore kara gives the reason for a statement after it
watashi wa jikan ga arimasen kara, shinbun wo yomimasen
doushite
why?
The interrogative doushite is used to ask the reason for something. Kara is placed at the end of the reply giving the reason
doushite asa shinbun o yomimasenka?
jikan ga arimasen kara
doushite desuka?
N ga arimasu/imasu
arimasu and imasu indicate the existence of a thing, person etc
konpyuutaa ga arimasu
otokono hito ga imasu
inu ga imasu
Place ni N ga arimasu/imasu
This sentence form is used to say what or who is in a certain place
watashi no heya ni tsukue ga arimasu
jimusho ni miraasan ga imasu
chika ni nani ga arimasuka?
uketsuke ni dare ga imasuka?
toukyoo dizuniirando wa doko ni arimasuka?
N1 (thing/person/place) no N2 (position)
When the noun N2 represents a direction or postion, then it shows a positional relationship with N1
tsukue no ue ni shashin ga arimasu
yuubinkyoku wa ginkou no tonari ni arimasu
honya wa hanaya to suupaa no aida ni arimasu
N1 ya N2
Used when only a few of the items are listed. Nado is used at the end to tell like etc.
hako no naka ni tegami ya shashin nado ga arimasu
How to use quantifiers
I bought four apples
There are 2 foreign students
I studied Japanese for two months in my home country
ringo wo yottsu kaimashita
gaikoku jin no gakusei ga futari imasu
kuni de nikagetsu nihongo wo benkyoushimashita
Asking how many
How many mandarin oranges did you buy?
I bought eight
mikan wo ikutsu kaimashitaka?
yattsu kaimashita
Asking how many
How many foreign students are there in the company?
There are five
kono kaisha ni gaikokujin ga nan nin imasuka?
go nin imasu
donokurai
This is used to ask the length of time something takes
donokurai nihongo wo benkyoushimashitaka?
san nen benkyoushimashita
oosaka kara toukyou made donokurai kakarimasuka?
shinkansen de ni jikan han kakarimasu
gurai
This is added after quantifiers to mean about
daigaku ni sensei ga sanjuu nin gurai imasu
ichigofun gurai kakarimasu
Quantifier (time period) ni ~kai Verb
This expresssion indicates frequency
ikka getsu ni nikai eiga wo mimasu
isshukan ni san kai takushi de gakkou he ikimasu
Quantifier dake/ N dake
dake means only. It is added after quantifiers or nouns to indicate that there is no more or nothing else
pawaa denki ni gaikokujin no shain ga hitori dake imasu
yasumi wa nichiyoubi dake desu
Tense and affirmative/negative forms of noun sentences and na adjective sentences
Present/future positive
Present negative
Past positive
Past negative
shizuka desu
shizuka ja arimasen
shizuka deshita
shizuka ja arimasen deshita
Tense and affirmative/negative forms of i adjective sentences
Present/future positive
Present negative
Past positive
Past negative
atsui desu
atsukunai desu
atsukatta desu
atsukunakatta desu
N1 wa N2 yori adjective desu
This sentence pattern describes the quality and/or state of N1 in comparison with N2
Metro wa kuruma yori hayaku desu
kono kuruma wa ano kuruma yori ookii desu
hokkaido wa oosaka yori suzushi desu
wansan wa shumitosan yori tenisu ga jouzu desu
N1 to N2 to dochiraga adjective desuka
N1 or N2 no houga adjective desu
The interrogative dochira is used when comparing any two items
sakkaa to yakyuu to dochiraga omoshiroi desuka?
sakkaa no houga omoshiroi desu
meerasan to santosusan to dochiraga tenisu ga jouzu desuka?
meera san no houga jouzu desu
koohii to oucha to dochiraga ii desuka?
koohii no houga yo desu
N1 (no naka) de [nani, doko, dare, itsu] ga ichiban adjective desuka
N2 ga ichiban adjective desu
de indicates a range. Group is denoted by N1 which can be thing, place, person, time etc.. that exhibits to the highest degree the state of quality described by the adjective.
nihon ryouri de nani ga ichiban oishii desuka?
tenpura ga ichiban oishii desu
kazoku de dare ga ichiban segatakai desuka?
otouto ga ichiban segatakai desu
ichinen de itsu ga ichiban samui desuka?
ni gatsu ga ichiban samui desu
N ga hoshii desu
hoshii is a an adjective and its object is marked by ga
hoshiidesu and taidesu can only be used when talking about what the speaker or listener want. They cannot be used to talk about what a third person wants
watashi wa tomodachi ga hoshii desu
ima nani ga ichiban hoshii desuka?
kuruma ga hoshii desu
V masu form taidesu
This is used to express the speaker’s desire to do something. The object of ~tai can be marked either with the particle wo or with the particle ga.
watashi wa okinawa he ikitaidesu
watashi wa tenpura wo tabetaidesu
koube de nani wo kaitaidesuka?
kutsu wo kaitaidesu
biiru wo nomitaidesu
onaka ga itaidesu kara, nani mo tabetakunaidesu
N (place) he V masu form ni ikimasu/kimasu/kaerimasu
The purpose of the actions are marked with ni
I will go there for so and so purpose to do something
koube he indo ryouri wo tabe ni ikimasu
nihon he bijutsu no benkyou ni kimashita
eki he tomodachi wo mukae ni ikimasu
doko he oyogi ni ikimasuka?
hoteru no puuru he oyogi ni ikimasu
dokoka or nanika
dokoka means anywhere or somewhere.
nanika means anything or something.
fuyu yasumi wa dokoka he ikimashitaka?
hai, hokkaido he sukii ni ikimashita
nodoga kawakimashita kara, nanika wo nomitaidesu
Verb conjugation
Group 1
- Verbs which ends with the sound of i,chi,ri takes tte
- Verbs which ends with the sound of ni,mi,bi takes nde
- Verbs which ends with the sound of ki takes ite
- Verbs which ends with the sound of gi takes ide
- Verbs which ends with the sound of shi takes te
tatte kaette katte magatte moratte matte sutte
yonde nonde shinde asonde yonde yasunde
kaite
kiite
isoide oyoide hanashite kashite dashite keshite
Verb conjugation
Group 2
Verbs which ends with the sound of e. Replace masu with te
tabe masu
mise masu
tsuke masu
tabete
misete
tsukete
Below verbs are exception which comes under Group2 even though they have i and ki
oi masu abi masu deki masu tai masu oki masu kari masu mi masu i masu
oite abite dekite taite okite karite mite ite
Verb Conjugation
Group 3
Verbs which end with shimasu. Replace masu with te
shimasu kimasu benkyoushi masu ohanamishi masu shukudaishi masu sanposhi masu
shite kite benkyoushite ohanamishite shukudaishite sanposhite
V te form imasu
This sentence pattern indicates that a certain action or motion is in progress
nani wo shite imasuka?
ame ga futte imasu
ima benkyoushite imasu
ongaku wo kiite imasu
V masu form mashouka
This experession is used when the speaker is offering to do something for the listener
ashita mo kimashouka?
ee, juu ji ni kite kudasai
nimotsu wo mochimashouka?
iie, kekkou desu
kasa wo kashimashouka?
sumimasen, onegaishimasu
Noun ga verb
The direct object is inidicated by ga particle when describing a natural phenomenon
ame ga futte imasu
jishin ga aimashita
meerasan ga imasenne
sumimasenga, shitsuredesuga
The ga in expression such as sumimasenga and shitsuredesuga is used as an introductory remark
sumimasenga, shiyo wo totte kudasai
shitsuredesuga, onamaewa
V te form mo iidesuka
May I do?
This sentence pattern is used for asking permission to do something
shashin wo totte mo iidesuka?
kokode tabako o sutte mo iidesuka?
ee, sutte mo iidesuyo
asatte kite mo iideskuka?
takushi de ittemo iideskua?
iie, chotto
V te form wa ikemasen
You must not do
This sentence pattern is used to express prohibition
kokode tabako wo sutte wa ikemasen, kinen desu kara
osake wo nonde wa ikemasen
romaji de kaite wa ikemasen
biruni haratte wa ikemasen
sotode asonde wa ikemasen
V te form imasu
Other than present continuous tense verb te form imasu also states a certain continuous state resulted from past action
watawshi wa kekkonshite imasu
watashi wa tanakasan wo shitte imasu
watashi wa kamera wo motte imasu
watashi wa oosaka ni sunde imasu
shiyakusho denwabangou wo shitte imasuka?
hai, shitte imasu
The negative form of shitteimasu is shirimasen
sensei no denwa bangou wo shitte imasuka?
iie, shirimasen
N ni V
The particle ni is used with verbs such as hairimasu, suwarimasu, norimasu, noborimasu
kyouto eki kara juuroku ban no basu ni notte kudasai
kissaten ni hairimasu
isu ni suwarimasu
basu ni norimasu
yama ni noborimasu
N1 ni N2 o V
The particle ni inidcates the location (N1) of N2 as the result of an action
kokoni kuruma wo tomete kudasai
kokoni juusho wo kaite kudasai
kokoni namae wo kaite kudasai
asoko ni tatte kudasai
V1 te form, V2 te form, V3 masu/mashita
To mention two or more actions taking place in succession.
Listed in the order of occurrence.
The tense of the sentence is determined by the tense form of the last verb in the sentence.
asa jogingu wo shite, shawaa wo abite, kaisha he ikimasu
koube he itte, eiga wo mite, ocha wo nomimashita
sokuji shite, uchi he kaette, nihongo wo benkyoushimashita
i adjective will become kute and ending should be desu
This is used to tell characteristics.
ookii chisai ii semai nagai wakai
ookikute chisakute yokute semakute nagakute wakakute
miraa san wa wakakute, genki desu
kinou wa tenkiga yokute, atsukatta desu
satou san wa atamaga yokute, omoshiroi desu
na adjective will become de and ending will be desu
hansamuna
kireina
hansamude
kireide
miraa san wa hansamude, shinsetsuna hito desu
nara wa shizukade, kireina machi desu
tokyou wa nikiyakade, omoshiroi desu
Noun de
We can combine i and na verbs
wansan wa 45 saide, dokushin desu
karinasan wa indoneshia jin de, daigakuno ryuu gakusei desu
karinasan wa gakusei de, mariyasan wa shufu desu
V1 te form kara, V2
okane wo irete kara, botan wo oshite kudasai
mou hirugohan wo tabemashitaka?
kono shigoto ga owatte kara, tabemasu
N1 wa N2 ga adjective
This sentence pattern indicates that the topic N1 has the characteristics of the N2 ga adjective
oosaka wa tabemono ga oishii desu
doitsu no furanken wa wain ga yuumei desu
mariasan wa kami ga nagai desu
N o V
watashi wa shichi ji ni uchi wo demasu
watashi wa umeda de densha wo orimashita
douyatte
This is used when asking the way or how to do something
daigaku de douyatte ikimasuka?
kyouto kara 16 ban no basu ni notte, daigaku mae de orimasu
dore/dono Noun
dore is an interrogative used when asking someone to specify one item out of a list of three or more
miraasan no kasa wa doredesuka?
anou ooi kasa desu
santosusan wa dono hito desuka?
ano segatakakute, kami ga kuroi hito desu
Nai form
Group 1
The last i line sound before masu changes to A line to make nai form of group1
kakimasu nomimasu hanashimasu tachimasu isogimasu asobimasu
kaimasu
iimasu
suimasu
aimasu
kakanai nomanai hanasanai tatanai isoganai asobanai
kawanai
iwanai
suwanai
nai
Nai form
Group 2
To change group2 verbs into nai form, one must remove masu and attach nai
tabemasu misemasu okimasu mimasu arimasu wasuremasu dekakemasu abimasu
tabenai misenai okinai minai arinai wasurenai dekakenai abinai
Nai form
Group3
To change shimasu into nai form, one must remove masu and attach nai
shimasu kimasu benkyoushimasu koppishimasu mottekimasu
shinai konai benkyoushinai koppishinai mottekonai
Verb nai form naide kudasai
Please don’t do
This sentence pattern is used to ask or tell someone not to do something
kokode shashin wo toranaide kudasai
watashi wa genkidesukara, shinpaishinaide kudasai
byouki desukara, ofuro ni hairanaide kudasai
kyoushite de hanasanaide kudasai
mado wo okenaide kudasai
V nai form nakereba narimasen
Must do
This sentence pattern is used to say that something must be done. Note that it is not in negative
watashi wa kusuri wo noma nakereba narimasen
ashita tesuto desukara, benkyoushi nakeraba narimasen
kanji ga wakara nakerba narimasen
V nai form nakutemo iidesu
Need not do
This sentence pattern is used when saying that it is not necessary to do something
ashita ko nakutemo iidesu
dansu wo shi nakutemo iidesu
nimotsu wo motte ika nakutemo iidesu
N (time) madeni V
This indicates a time by which an event will end or an action must be completed
kaigi wa 5 ji madeni owarimasu
doyoubi madeni hon o kaesa nakereba narimasen
Dictionary form
Group 1
kakimasu yomimasu torimasu suimasu isogimasu asobimasu machimasu hanashimasu
kaku yomu toru suu isogu asobu matsu hanasu
Dictionary form
Group 2
tabemasu
mimasu
taberu
miru
Dictionary form
Group 3
shimasu
kimasu
suru
kuru
Noun ga dekimasu
Verb Dictionary form koto ga dekimasu
Can do
mirasan wa nihongo ga dekimasu
mirasan wa kanji wo yomu kotoga dekimasu
kaado de harau kotoga dekimasu
watashino shumi wa
Noun desu
Verb Dictionary form koto desu
My interest is
watashino shumi wa ongaku desu
watshino shumi wa ongaku wo kiku koto desu
V1 dictionary form mae ni V2
N no mae ni V2
Quantifier (time period) mae ni V2
nihon he kuru mae ni, nihongo wo benkyoushimashita
neru mae ni, hon wo yomimasu
shokuji no mae ni, te wo araimasu
tanaka san wa ichi jikan mae ni, dekakemashita
nakanaka
not easily or not as expected
nihon wa nakanaka uma wo miru koto ga dekimasen
zehi
by all means, please
zehi hokkaido he ikitaidesu
zehi asobi ni kite kudasai
V ta form
kaite nonde tabete itte kite shite
kaita nonda tabeta itta kita shita
V ta form koto ga arimasu
have experience
uma ni notta koto ga arimasu
nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu
V1 ta form ri, V2 ta form ri shimasu
nichiyoubi wa tenisu wo shita ri, eiga wo mita ri shimasu
nichiyoubi wa tenisu wo shita ri, eiga wo mita ri shimashita
nichiyoubi wa tenisu wo shite, eiga wo mimashita
i adjective ku narimasu
na adjective ni narimasu
noun ni narimasu
become
semuku narimasu
genki ni narimasu
nijuu gosai ni narimasu
Polite style and Plain style
tabemasu dictionary form
tabemasen nai form
tabemashita ta form
tabemasen deshita nai form
haraimasu
haraimasen
haraimashita
haraimasen deshita
ikimasu
ikimasen
ikimashita
ikimasen deshita
aimasu
aimasen
aimashita
aimasen deshita
taberu
tabenai
tabeta
tabenakatta
harau
harawanai
haratta
harawanakatta
iku
ikanai
itta
ikanakatta
aru
nai
atta
nakatta
Polite style and Plain style
For i adjectives oishii desu oishikunai desu oishikatta desu oishikunakatta desu
For na adjectives hima desu hima ja arimasen hima deshita hima ja arimasen deshita
For Noun kumori desu kumori jaarimasen kumori deshita kumori jaarimasen deshita
oishii
oishikunai
oishikatta
oishikunakatta
himada
hima janai
hima datta
hima janakatta
kumorida
kumori janai
kumori datta
kumori janakatta
kedo
kono karee wa oishii?
un, karai kedo, oishii
sumou no chiketto aru kedo, isshoni ikanai?
ii ne
Plain form to omoimasu
I think that
ashita amega furu to omoimasu
depaato ga ikutsu aru to omoimasu
Sentences plain form to iimasu
say
neru mae ni oyasuminasai to iimasu
yamada san wa ano michi wa kantanda to iimasu
watashi wa chichi ni ryuugakushitai to iimashita
Verb, i, na, N - deshou?
right?
bangarooru wa kouen ga kirei deshou?
ashita paatii ni iku deshou?
oosaka wa samukatta deshou?
iie, sonnani samukunakatta desu
N1 (place) de N2 ga arimasu
take place, to be held, to occur
toukyou de nihon to burajiru no sakkaa no shiai ga arimasu
N (ocassion) de
kaigi de nanika iken wo iimashitaka
N demo V
recommending, suggesting or expressing a hope for something
chotto biiru demo nomimasenka
Verb nai form naito
mou kaeranaito
Noun modification
In the below keeki is the noun, so to modify it the verb in plain form will be palced before the noun
tomodachi ni keeki o agemasu
kinou ryouri o tsukurimashita
toshokan de hon o yomimasu
This is the house where Mr.Miller used to live
tomodachi ni ageru keeki desu
kinou tsukatta ryouri desu
toshokan de yomu hon desu
korewa miraasan ga sunde ita uchi desu
V dictionary form jikan/yakusoku/youji
watashi wa asagohan wo taberu jikan ga arimasen
watashi wa tomodachi to eiga wo miru yakusoku ga arimasu
kyou wa shiyakusho he iku youji ga arimasu
V masu from mashouka?
Shall we?
kono heya, kyou miru koto ga dekimasuka?
ee, ima kara ikimashouka
V dictionary form V nai from nai i adj i toki na adj na N no
when
toshokan de hon wo kariru toki kaado ga irimasu
tsukaikatta ga wakaranai toki watashi ni kiite kudasai
kodomo no toki yoku kawa de oyogimashita
V dictionary form toki
V ta form toki
When
pari he iku toki kaban wo kaimashita
pari he itta toki kaban wo kaimashita
V dictionary form to
If… then…
kono botan wo osu to, otsuri ga demasu
kore wo mawasu to, oto ga ookii ku narimasu
migi he magaru to, yuubinkyouku ga arimasu
N ga adj
oto ga chiisai desu
N o motion V
kouen wo sanposhimasu
michi wo watarimasu
kousaten wo migi he magarimasu
Kuremasu
third person to third person third person to me or my family I or my family to third person family members to me I to my family members
agemasu kuremasu agemasu kuremasu agemasu
tomodachi wa watashi ni hon o kuremasu
watashi wa tomodachi ni hon o agemasu
otouto wa kimura san ni hana o moraimasu
Verb te form (agemasu, moraimasu, kuremasu)
watashi wa kimurasan ni hon o kashite agemashita
watashi wa yamada san ni toshokan no denwabangou o oshiete moraimashita
N1 wa N2 ga Verb
oishii wainu desune
ee, kono wainu wa satou san ga kuremashita
Plain past form ra
If….
okane ga attara ryokou shimasu
jikan ga nakattara, terebi wo mimasen
V ta form ra
juu ji ni nattara dekakemashou
V te form V nai from nakute i adj kute mo na adj de N de
Even if…
amega futte mo sentankushimasu
ano resutoran he ikanakute mo kirei desu
samukute mo nomitaidesu
atsui de mo asobitai desu
moshi
If I had hundred million yen, I would like to travel the world
moshi ichi okuen attara iroiro na kuni wo ryokoushitai desu
